Napata Scientific Journal

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A comparative study on the chemical constituent's fatty acids and lignans from sesame seeds and flaxseeds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
(Napata College, 2023-12) Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali; Gawaher Fatihalalim El Awad
Background Sesamum indicum (sesame) and Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) seeds are rich in fatty acids and lignans which have been stated to be the reason for their wide range of activities. Sesamum indicum seeds have been shown to possess cholesterol lowering activity, neuroprotective, anti-carcinogenic and coronary protective effect and Linum usitatissimum seeds health benefits include reducing cardiovascular diseases, decrease the risk of cancer, anti- inflammatory activity, laxative effect, osteoporosis and alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Experimental Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds were coarsely grounded for oil extraction and for sample preparation by methyl esterification for the GC-MS instrument. Another amount of the seeds was taken and the methanol extraction followed by n-hexane method was carried out, then injected into the GC/MS instrument. From the results of GC/MS, the fatty acid and lignan composition were determined and a comparison was made. Results The major constituents in sesame seeds fixed oil were linoleic acid, methyl ester (34.80%), oleic acid, methyl ester (30.89%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (15.41%) and methyl stearate (13.89%).The major constituents in flaxseeds fixed oil were alpha-linolenic , methyl ester (53.05%), linoleic acid, methyl ester (18.83%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (12.86%), methyl stearate (11.94%).The major constituents in sesame seeds extract were linoleic methyl ester (22.52%), vitamin E (25.18%), oleic acid, methyl ester (13.44%), and palmitic acid, methyl ester (11.66%).The major constituents in flaxseeds extract were isobutylglycerol-nitro (13.16%), D- sesamin (22.89%) and episesamin (40.49%). Conclusion Both Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds are a rich source of fatty acids and dietary lignans
A Review of Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the Sudan from 1902 to 2020
(Napata College, 2022-04) Z. N. Mahmoud; R. M. Abdalla
Background This review was conducted from 1996 to 2020 aiming to compile the findings of parasites of freshwater fishes of Sudan in a single document. Methods The present review was based on 105 scientific paper, 3 conferences abstracts, 3 graduation dissertation, 7 master and 2 Ph.D. theses, one unpublished reports, 10 books, and one technical report. The work covered the period from 1902 to 2020. Results Some thousands of freshwater fish specimens were examined for their ecto-parasites and/or endo-parasites. Fifty-eight fish species were reported infected and 162 parasitic species including 32 new species were collected. The parasites found were three bacterial and three fungal species collected from Oreochromis niloticus. From 10 species of fish, 19 protozoans were described. From 10 species of fish, 22 Monogenean species were found including 7 new species. One new Aspidogastrean species was collected from Labeobarbus bynni. From 29 fish species 23 Digenean species were collected including five new ones. From 41 species of fish, 44 species of cestodes parasites were collected including 11 species new to science. Twenty parasitic Nematodes species including seven new ones were collected from 32 fish species. From 12 fish species 9 Crustacean were described. Nine Acanthocephalans including one new species from Ichthyborus besse were collected from 11 fish species. Co-infection was observed. Conclusions: The collected parasites included 31 new species to science. One new subfamily Sandonellinae from Heterotis niloticus was erected; and 10 new genera, Brevicaecum, Sandonia, Afromacroderoides (Digenea); Wenyonia, Sandonella, Amirthalingamia, Barsonella lafoni (Cestoda) and Dichelyne, Nilonema, (Nematoda) were described. Revision of parasitic species designated as CithariniellaTrypanosoma type 1, 2, 3; Dactylogyrus species type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Dogielius sp. 1;Amplicaecum type 1 and Amplicaecum type 2; Contracaecum sp. Third stage-larvae Type 2; Procamallanustype 1, 2, 3 and those parasites identified to the genus level should be given due attention. Some recommendations for further research were offered
Advances in Scientific Research
(Napata Research and Innovation Center (NARIC), 2022-09-27) Napata First Scientific Conference
Assessment of mothers awareness regarding impact of use of social media in school age children in –Almatamma locality – River Nile State –Sudan 2020.
(Napata College, 2023-12) Huda Hassan; Fatima Osman Ali Mohammed; Shireen Ebdelfatah Mohammed; Marium Mohammed Alnageeb; Lymia Altaieb Alhade
Background: Social Medias are forms of electronic communication such as websites for social networking through which users create online communities to share information. Objectives: To assess mothers awareness regarding impact of uses of social media in school age children. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional community based study was conducted during period extended from December 2019 – October 2020in El-matamma locality. Convenience sample was used, data was collected by questionnaire designed by researchers composed of (21) questions, 50 mother were included calculated by Data was analyzed by using SPSS version (21). Results: The study revealed that (76.0%),(56.0%) of study groups had fair knowledge regarding negative and positive effects of social media on children education respectively, (68.0%)of study groups had fair knowledge regarding effects of social media on children sleep. (78.0%),(64.0%) of study groups had fair knowledge regarding negative and positive effects of social media on children health respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the mothers had fair knowledge regarding positive and negative effects of social media on children education, health, and sleep Recommendations: Enforcement of the concept of good using of social media and reaps positive results for children, encourage mothers to educate themselves and their children about the advantages and disadvantages of social media.
Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Oral Hygiene for Intensive Care Unit Patients at seven Governmental Hospital In Khartoum State, Sudan, 2020-2021
(Napata College, 2022-09-20) Mazin Babiker; Emad Abd alkarim; Amar Nooraldin
Background: Oral care is a vital procedure for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Oral care may affect the clinical result as well as the wellness of intensive care patients. Adequate knowledge about oral nursing care guidelines is important for nurses to deliver appropriate oral care. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was conducted aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of intensive care nurses regarding oral care in critically ill patients in seven governmental hospitals in Khartoum State. The sample size consisted of 95 nurses in ICUs. Data were collected using interview questionnaire; data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results revealed that 65.3% of nurses had 1 to 3 years of experience. Regarding the definition of dental plaque, 63.2% of participants responded with correct answers. Only 4.2% knew that gingivitisisagum disease and 24.2%said that gingivitis is due to plaque. A percentage of 64.2% participants knew that periodontitis is an inflammation of tooth supporting structure, and 24.2% said that plaque is the cause of periodontitis. Regarding the practice of mouth care twice per a day, 57.9% participants do practice it.
Association of Serum Lipid Profile Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Cardiovascular Disease a case control study, Khartoum State
(Napata College, 2022-07) Mohammed M.A; Mohammed I.A; Ismail A.M; Ali A.M; Dafaalla M.H; Mohammed R.K; Edris S.M; Ali S.Y; Nourallah S.A; Abdalla I.A; Mohamed E.A; Mohamed A.A; Ali A.O; Alnil A.H
Background: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing rapidly worldwide and has become a major health problem and most of these patients die due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) before progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, poor cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients have prompted nephrologists to look for biomarkers that may improve risk stratification in this population. The objective of this study was to evaluate serum lipid profile levels in CKD patients and to determine their association with cardiovascular diseases. Materials & Methods: This analytical case control study was conducted at Ibnsina and Military hospitals in the period from February 2016 to March 2019, (n = 150) clinically diagnosed CKD patients (age range between 22 - 76 years, 105 males and 45 females), and 150 healthy subjects were included as controls. Serum lipid profile and serum creatinine were estimated by Cobas C-311® fully automated analyzer, hemoglobin by Sysmix, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cocroft-Gault formula and blood pressure was measured by using mercuric sphygmomanometer. Results:The results of the current study indicated that, the means of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, creatinine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) higher in CKD patients when compared with that of controls, while HDL-C, hemoglobin and GFR were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) lower. Moreover, serum SBP and DBP were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) higher in CKD patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than CKD patients without CVD, while the means of cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, BMI and creatinine were insignificantly (P-value ˃0.05) increased, meanwhile the mean of HDL-C, GFR and hemoglobin were insignificantly (P-value ˃0.05) decreased. In addition there is insignificant increase in the means of TG, LDL-C, BMI, SBP, DBP, creatinine and hemoglobin, and insignificant decrease in the mean of cholesterol, HDL-C and GFR in male when compared with female in CKD patients. Conclusion:dyslipidemia (high levels of cholesterol, TG, LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C) was higher in patients with CKD. Thus, the lipid profile levels were strongly associated with cardiovascular events in patients who have CKD and are on maintenance hemodialysis (HD).
Bayesian Spatial analysis for breast and prostate cancer incidence in Sudan based on 2009-2013 national registry data.
(Napata College, 2023-12) Madhuchhanda Bhattacharjee3; Volker Schmid; Mohammed A. Abdulrahman
Background: The spread of cancer disease has been a problem and burden on the global health systems what led the decision makers and researchers to encourage further investigations research on related issues. In Sudan, research there is still a need to work on advanced applications such as Bayesian models or relative risk estimations based on Bayesian methods. Materials & Methods: This paper investigates the spatial impact on the incidence of cancer in Sudan using Bayesian and Frequentist methods. The standardized incidence ratios have been calculated for each state, and INLA with BYM have been used in the investigation. Disease mapping is useful to determine which areas are with high-risk rates what can be conducted under the Latent Gaussian Model. R INLA package has been used as tool of modeling. Data collected by National Cancer Registry through 2009-2013, handed to the researcher on 2016, actually, it is the only available complete data in Sudan at the present time, while the population data for the same period is estimated by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). For the period 2009-2013, a number of 45413 cancer patients were recorded throughout Sudan, among all cases registered, Breast cancer count was5892Cases, and Prostate was 2315. Females were 24,439, 54% among the whole cases while males 20,974, 46%. For all cancer cases including gender specific cancers, females appeared to have the highest number of incidences compared to males. Results: Results from this study- in two parts- revealed that, the standardized incidence rates indicate the wide spread of the cancers under study in Northern state and River Nile state; the spatial Bayesian analysis using INLA indicates results similar to standardized incidence rate. In conclusion, the Northern and River Nile were the most affected states in Sudan with breast and prostate cancers requiring further studies in identifying what factors causes the problem. The general trend of the study indicated widespread breast and prostate cancer in Northern state and River Nile state.
Book Review
(Napata College, 2022-04)
The Sudan Manual for Medical Emergencies is a compact and wide-ranging handbook that is meant for practicing and student physicians handing acute and critical medical and psychiatric patients. A group of experts contributed to the Manual by putting together updated international guidelines as well as standard of care practices. It also includes comprehensive and illustrative diagrams in addition to an index of included drugs to aid with quick reference. Attempts have been made at providing different patient lifesaving approaches whenever optimal ways are unavailable.
Case study: Contributory Factors to In-hospital Maternal Mortality in a Governmental Hospital in Khartoum State in 2006
(Napata College, 2022-09-24) Christelle Evans; Mutasim El-Feel; Abdelmageed Osman
Background: In-hospital maternal mortality rates in Sudan are currently high, at 0.09%(1). According to World Health Organisation standards, in-hospital maternal mortality should not exceed 0.025%(2). Common contributory factors are numerous, both in-hospital and in the community. This study aims to identify specific contributors to maternal mortality and morbidity in a governmental hospital to make recommendations to minimize them. Materials and Methods: The study basis was an initial case study of maternal morbidity in a governmental hospital with subsequent exploration of contributory factors. A participatory rapid appraisal approach was used, employing observational checklists and semi-structured interviews in order to identify problems at every level of the hospital system, cross-checking information with different stakeholders. Results: Results identified primary delays in seeking care and suboptimal care delivery as the main contributors to in-hospital maternal mortality and morbidity. Interviews with patients and staff also highlighted a need for more patient education and more supervision and training opportunities for junior staff.
Changes in the degree of ventricular hypertrophy following administration of Losartan potassium compared to L-NAME (L – Arginine Methyl Ester)
(Napata College, 2022-07) Muhanad S A; Abdelwahab H M; Osman K A
Background: The main goal of the study is to investigate the effect of Losartan on the degree of heart hypertrophy compared to L-NAME, also is this changes associated with redistribution of the left ventricular MHCs ratio? Methods: forty six white adult Swiss mice CD1 (weight range between 18g and 33g, and their ages range between 8-10 weeks) were used in this study. Animals were distributed randomly into four groups, each consist of eleven mice as follows: Control group left without treatment during the whole period of the study, group A ( given 600mg/L of L-NAME) , group B (given Losartan potassium 1g/L and L-NAME 600mg/L), and group S ( given 1g/L of Losartan potassium). All treatment were mixed with the drinking water , and given for 35 days. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for the separation of the ventricular myocin heavy chains. Results: Administration of Losartan either alone or in combination with L-NAME cause’s significant decreases in the HW/BW ratio with P values 0.000 &0.000 respectively, and this reduction in the degree of the heart hypertrophy shows a shift in α: β ratio towards β LVMHCs compared to control (P values 0.000 &0.001 respectively). While L-NAME treatment in the group A cause’s marginal insignificant increase in HW/BW ratio, P values 0.054, with shifting of α: β MHCs ratio towards β LVMHCs compared to control P values 0.019 . Conclusion: L-NAME treatment changed the LVMHCs from alpha to beta, and this changing occurs before left ventricular hypertrophy. Also treatment with Losartan either alone or in combination with L-NAME produced a shift in the α: β ratio towards β LVMHCs with a decrease in the HW/BW ratio
Community attitudes toward efficacy of standard COVID- 19 preventive measures in Khartoum state
(Napata College, 2022-07) Mohamed E.O; Ahmed E.A; Gismalla K.A; Bastawi M.A; Khojali E.M; Salih A.E
Background: The emerging COVID-19 is a devastating life-threatening disease, which is characterized by high morbidity, with more than 6 million people worldwide, and a fatality rate ranging between 5-10%. In Sudan, approximately more than 10.000 confirmed cases were reported since the onset of the outbreak. Attitudes and behavior play a major role in preventing the emerging and re-emerging diseases. This study aimed at assessing attitude and behavior of participants towards COVID 19. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional community based study. It was carried out in Khartoum State (Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman localities). A total of 1200 participants were randomly interviewed face-to-face using close ended questionnaire. A multistage cluster sampling technique was applied. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Smart PLS was used. Logistic regression, factor analysis and tree analysis were performed. Results: Negative attitude was reported in greater than half of the participants[(52.7%,n=632,(95% 𝐶𝐼, 49.9% − 55.5%)],whilst positive attitude [(47.3%, n=568, (95% 𝐶𝐼, 44.5% − 50.1%)].Regarding behavior, more than the half of the participants [(55.3%,n=663,(95%𝐶𝐼,52.5%− 58.1%)]had poor behavior, whereas [(44.7%, n= 537, (95% 𝐶𝐼, 41.9% − 47.5%)] had good behavior. Factor analysis revealed that, three factors explain 56% of change occurring attitudes towards COVID 19 of the surveyed participants which were misconceptions about COVID19, infodemics of COVID19, and negative stereotyping. The spectrum of behavior was noted in response to isolation strategy, anticipated stigma, and enacted stigma (61%). Logistic regression showed that, participants that had a monthly income between 2000-2999 SDG a month were 2.25 times more likely to have negative attitudes towards COVID19 (𝛽 = 0.809,p<0.001,AOR=2.25, 95% C.I.; 1.48 -3.41,). Education was statistically associated with attitudes towards COVID19 (p<0.001). Males were 0.62 less likely to have poor behavior in comparison with females (𝛽=−0.48,p<0.05,AOR=0.62,95%C.I.;0.43-0.89). Participants with a monthly income ranging from 2000-2999 SDG were 2.83 times more likely to have poor behavior towards COVID19 (𝛽=1.04,p<0.001,AOR=2.83,95%C.I.;1.77-4.52). Tree analysis revealed that attitude was the best predictor of behavior towards COVID19. Locality was the best predictor of negative attitude. Conclusion: Behavior and attitude comprised have a potential effect on preventing and controlling COVID19.
Comparative Study of the Gezira Scheme Canals Efficiency
(Napata College, 2023-12) Maha Yousif El Amri; Adam Khalifa Mommed; Fath Elrahman E. N; Abbas Abdalla Ibrahim
The agricultural sector plays a key role in Sudan economy. It is well known that the Gezira Agricultural Scheme is the largest irrigated area in Sudan, and largest area under one administration in the world. The Gezira Scheme problem is that it suffered for several decades from political urgent decisions which led to low production. This was associated with apparent destruction, degradation and poor irrigation. These formidable problems revealed the main objective to solve the drawdown preventing development. This extended the objectives which in turn revealed the existing conditions of the Gezira Scheme, checked irrigation drainage infrastructures networks, water supply control, as well as released demands with its impact on crops rotations and production. The study methodology paved the road to keep the irrigation canals in perfect condition fulfilling the entire objective leading to solution of all the problems. Field and office works can be successful if they function with excellence during periods when there exists low water supply, such that the discharge in the canals continue with optimum or close to the optimum design discharges two cases were considered, Zananda and Haj Abdalla canals. The study indicated that renovation of such conditions is achieved with such conditions. This was supplemented with the positive results of fieldwork practices inherited from the past, associated with the high-level limits of the scientific recommendations. It is seen that Silts, weeds in the canals are the most problems encountered with the scheme. In addition to mismanagement of water discharge and crops rotations
Correlation between Oral Premalignant Lesions and Tobacco Use
(Napata College, 2022-09-27) Raneem MohammedSalahEldin AbdElgadir; Abrar Ahmed Alyayeb; Afra Siddig Mohammed; Alaa Abdallah Abakr1, Hiba Salah FadlAlseed; Hiba Salah FadlAlseed; Ahmed Hashim MohannedSalih Alfaki
Background: Tobacco use is a major public health problem globally. According to the WHO, tobacco is the second most significant cause of death in the world. Tobacco is used in different forms: smoke and smokeless. The use of tobacco and smokeless tobacco has increased and has associated with oral leukoplakia and other precancerous oral lesions. The presence of leukoplakia in adolescent users of smokeless tobacco is related to years of use, frequency of use, and the amount used. Malignant transformation may occur in 0.5% to 6.2% of individuals and is expected to increase with years of use. Objectives: To identify the correlation between oral premalignant lesions and tobacco use. To study the prevalence of oral premalignant lesions among tobacco using patients. To determine the correlation between tobacco and oral premalignant lesions and the risk of tobacco using and to find out the relation between oral premalignant lesions in tobacco users and gender. Methods: This is an analytical, quantitative systematic review study (known to some as a review article) that was conducted in the Republic of the Sudan by students at the school of dentistry at Napata College. This review is meant to discuss the prevalence of oral premalignant lesions among tobacco users, to assess the association between them and to determine the most found types of oral lesions in tobacco users. To write this paper, we inserted a plethora of keywords associated with the topic at hand. A number of researches were excluded as they were inaccessible to us; unrelated to the topic or because they were relatively anachronistic. Following this, we were left with a total of 13 papers, the findings of which are illustrated here. Results: As an overall, and from the studies mentioned, all studies agreed that thereis a correlation between oral premalignant lesions and tobacco use, in which the prevalenceof oral premalignant lesions found in tobacco using patients was between 48% and 60%. Regarding the most seen types of oral lesions related to tobacco use, the commonest lesions in all studies were found to be leukoplakia, keratosis and oral sub-mucous fibrosis. There was a degree of association found between male tobacco users and oral premalignant lesions in some studies.
Dental students Perception toward Objective Structured Clinical Examination in preclinical operative dentistry: Cross-sectional study. Igraa College, Sudan
(Napata College, 2023-12) Aliaa Omer Sulaiman; Israa Mohamed Zain; Marwa Abdalrhman Ahmed; Kamal Mubark Aljack; Elhadi Mohieldin Awooda
Background: The objective structure clinical examination (OSCE) approach has proved to be a useful method in assessing students ' psychomotor, cognitive, and attitude skills. OSCE is a clinical exam, but has been used for preclinical in many institutes. Objectives: The aim was to assess preclinical dental students' perceptions toward OSCE as a method of assessment in preclinical operative dentistry. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, comparative cross-sectional study among 100 undergraduate dental students from Igraa College – Sudan. Two class years were involved; the first group was composed of 48 senior students in semester 6, and the second group was 52 junior students in semester. The preclinical operative dentistry course was taught for both class years students in a period from May to November 2021 and both were examined at the end of the course. The self-administered questionnaire included questions about their demographic data and their perception toward the OSCE in comparison to the Traditional Practical Examination (TPE). Comparison between different nonparametric data by Chi-Squire test with the level of significance set at the P value of ˂0.05. Results: The response rate was 53 (53%) where male students were 13 (24.5%) and female students were 40 (75.5%). Senior students were 26 (49.1) and juniors were 27(50.9%). Both groups and both genders considered OSCE as a useful method of assessment; with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P ˃0.05). Senior students scored more “agree” 26(49.1%) about their opinion if OSCE is a helpful educational exercise than junior students 24(45.3%), but statistically no significant difference. Students stated that OSCE is more stressful in comparison with written exams and Traditional Practical Examination. Conclusion: OSCE in preclinical operative dentistry course; transfer knowledge more easily, helpful in education exercise, fair and meaningful when compared to the written and TPE exams
Design of Multi-Epitope Vaccine from Nipah Virus proteome using Immunoinformatics approach
(Napata College, 2022-07) Zaki E.A; Mohamed S.B; Hamad S.H; Ali S.S
Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus of the paramyxovirus family that sporadically breaks out from livestock and human. Annual review of diseases prioritized under the R&D WHO Blueprint listed the Nipah virus as one of the emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development effort. Moreover, there is a major layback in the development of effective vaccines or drugs against NiV. The aim of this study is to design a non-toxic and potent multi-epitope vaccine against NiV using bioinformatics approach. Materials & Method: In this study, T and B-cell epitopes of NiV protein were predicted and screened based on the antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity and IFN induction features. The epitopes were linked by suitable linkers. Four different adjuvants were attached to the vaccine constructs, then secondary and the 3D structure of the vaccines was predicted. The refinement process was performed to improve the quality of the 3D model structure; the validation process performed using the Ramachandran plot. The designed vaccines binding affinity to HLA molecules, TLR 8 and TLR were evaluated by molecular docking, and select the best docking score for all vaccines against TLR8. Finally, in silico gene cloning was performed in the pET28a (+) vector. Result: The proposed vaccine was shown to be antigenic in VaxiJen server, non-allergenic in Allertop server and non-toxic in Toxinpred server. Thephysiochemical properties of the vaccine showed constructed vaccines stable and can be soluble overexpression.Regarding MHC-I, predicted epitopes for studied proteins (G, FG, M, N, P, L, V and W) ranged from 6 to 52, with an IC50 from 1 to 100, while in MHC-II, predicted epitopes ranged from 1 to 61 with an IC50 1 to 500. Vaccine tertiary structure was predicted, refined and validated to assess the stability of the vaccine via Ramachandran plot. Moreover, solubility of the vaccine construct was greater than the average solubility provided by protein SOL and SOLpro servers. Disulfide engineering was performed to reduce the high mobile regions in the vaccine to enhance stability which was predicted for the vaccines constructed, except L proposed vaccine which was dispensed. Docking of the vaccine construct with TLR8 showed the best binding energy with all proposed vaccines, TLR8 ligand result was taken for all next studies. Immune-simulation significantly provided high levels of immunoglobulins, T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells and INF-γ. Upon cloning, the vaccine protein was reverse transcribed into DNA sequence and cloned into pET28a (+) vector to ensure translational potency and microbial expression. Conclusion: The overall results of the study proved that the multi- epitope construct is a potential candidate for an efficient protective vaccine against NiV. The immunoinformatics approaches accelerate vaccine development process to reduce the risk of in vitro pre-clinical trials.
Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Producing Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Intensive Care Unit -Khartoum-Sudan 2022
(Napata College, 2023-12) Ahmed Emadeldin Osman; Alruomaisa Yousif Abker; Braah Mubarak Abdalraheem; Ezdehar Yousif Osman; Farida Farid Hamza; Saja Sulieman Nimir; Moil Babiker Alshiekh; Elrahman Fathelrahman Ahmed
Background: Carbapenemase are enzymes that are a major cause of bacterial resistance to the Carbapenem family of antibiotics such as meropenem. ESBL are derived from genes for narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase by mutations that alter the amino acid configuration around the enzyme active sites. Objective: The study aimed to detect the production of carbapenemases and Extendedspectrum beta-lactamase among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Intensive Care Units (Alselah Hospital, Ribat University Hospital, and Sharg Elnile Hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan.). Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional facility-based study, conducted in Alselah Hospital, Ribat University Hospital, and Sharg Elnile Hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan, in which 100 gram negative bacteria were isolated from ICU (by simple random technique )in the period June to October 2022, and were investigated for susceptibility ,phenotypic detection of carbapenemases and ESBL. The isolated bacteria were purified by subculture in MacConkey ager, colonial morphology, gram stain and set of biochemical tests were done and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Carbapenem antibiotic family. Finally the phenotypic detection of carbapenemases was done by modified Hodge test, and then used double disk diffusion method to detect extended spectrum beta lactamase. Result: One hundred isolates were investigated in this study, when susceptibility test was performed the highest susceptibility rate was registered for meropenem (84%) and the highest resistance rate for ceftriaxone (55%). ESBL producing bacteria were (16%) and Modified Hodge Test positive was (3%). Conclusion: The findings revealed that there was a minimum rate of ESBLs and Carbapenemase producing gram negatives isolated from ICU
Direct fragment reattachment of a complicated crown root fracture of maxillary lateral incisor A case report
(Napata College, 2022-07) Awooda E.M; Elsheikh A.M; Abdalhaleem I.M
A 19-year-oldwomansubjected to a blow by an object on one of her upper front teeth presented with tooth mobility and pain during biting. The tooth was upper left lateral incisor and was diagnosed clinically and radio-graphically as a complicated crown root fracture. Treatment done was crown lengthening root canal treatment and fragment reattachment. In case of anterior complicated crown root fracture of permanent teeth with the fracture line extended below the alveolar bone crest; the treatment option is through root canal treatment, crown lengthening and direct fragment reattachment, hence the result will be immediate restoration of aesthetic and function.
Editorial Introduction to the First Issue” Napata Scientific Journal March
(Napata College, 2022-04) Zahir Hilmi
Estimating and Projecting Demand for Azithromycin Antibiotic in Khartoum State, Sudan
(Napata College, 2023-12) Mohmmed Alfadel Esmail; Mogab Ibrahim Yasin; Matab Khalid; Yara Abdel Alftah; Murtada A. Oshi
Objectives: This study presents a simple method to estimate the real supply and demand for azithromycin (AZA) antibiotic in 2022 and project its demand for the next 10 years in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional market survey was conducted in three cities of Khartoum State from February 2022 to November 2022 by visiting 85 pharmacies. Basic questions were asked to the pharmacist through a questionnaire regarding the actual supply and demand of AZA. Results: The obtained data showed an actual supply of 158,386,750 AZA tablets/capsules and a real demand of 633,547,000 tablets/capsules in 2022. In addition, this study found that there was a gap between the supply-demand of approximately 668 million of AZA tablets/capsules until 2031. Conclusions: This study can be used as a guide to estimate the actual supply and the real demand for AZA antibiotic or any other antibiotic and to predict its real demand for the future
Evaluation of the Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers in Napata College in 2022
(Napata College, 2023-12) Dalia Ahmed Gasm El seed; Mayada Mustafa Yagoub; Mohmmed Abdalmaged Ahmed; Rowa Murtada Hassan; Ruqaya Alfadil Idrees
Background: Dental clinic environment is very demanding and stressful with its occupational hazard that affecting the dentist well-being in addition to their physical health. Objective: Evaluation of Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers in Napata College .Material and Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on December 2022. A total of 95 dental students and house officers (54 from 4th year) (30 from 5th year) (11 house officers) were involved from Napata College, Dentistry Programme, Sudan. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires including demographic and questions of knowledge and attitude regarding Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: (66.3 %) of clinical dental students and house officers were female .Regarding the occupational hazard, the majority of the participants 44.2 %, complained of back pain, 55.8 % of students experienced sharp instruments injury and 42.1% of them washing then disinfecting the area of injury. 98% of the participants had good knowledge about personal protective equipment (PPE) and 70.5 % were using these equipments in their dental practice. 75.8 % of dental students and house officers strongly agree that sitting in correct position will help in avoiding musculoskeletal symptoms. 55.8% of participants strongly agree that rubber dam is mandatory in any restorative procedure Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of occupational hazards in Napata dental clinic, especially for the musculoskeletal disorder and sharp instrument injury .Considerable variation with knowledge, practice and management toward Occupational hazard among the participants.

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