Napata Scientific Journal

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A comparative study on the chemical constituent's fatty acids and lignans from sesame seeds and flaxseeds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
(Napata College, 2023-12) Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali; Gawaher Fatihalalim El Awad
Background Sesamum indicum (sesame) and Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) seeds are rich in fatty acids and lignans which have been stated to be the reason for their wide range of activities. Sesamum indicum seeds have been shown to possess cholesterol lowering activity, neuroprotective, anti-carcinogenic and coronary protective effect and Linum usitatissimum seeds health benefits include reducing cardiovascular diseases, decrease the risk of cancer, anti- inflammatory activity, laxative effect, osteoporosis and alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Experimental Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds were coarsely grounded for oil extraction and for sample preparation by methyl esterification for the GC-MS instrument. Another amount of the seeds was taken and the methanol extraction followed by n-hexane method was carried out, then injected into the GC/MS instrument. From the results of GC/MS, the fatty acid and lignan composition were determined and a comparison was made. Results The major constituents in sesame seeds fixed oil were linoleic acid, methyl ester (34.80%), oleic acid, methyl ester (30.89%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (15.41%) and methyl stearate (13.89%).The major constituents in flaxseeds fixed oil were alpha-linolenic , methyl ester (53.05%), linoleic acid, methyl ester (18.83%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (12.86%), methyl stearate (11.94%).The major constituents in sesame seeds extract were linoleic methyl ester (22.52%), vitamin E (25.18%), oleic acid, methyl ester (13.44%), and palmitic acid, methyl ester (11.66%).The major constituents in flaxseeds extract were isobutylglycerol-nitro (13.16%), D- sesamin (22.89%) and episesamin (40.49%). Conclusion Both Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds are a rich source of fatty acids and dietary lignans
A Review of Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the Sudan from 1902 to 2020
(Napata College, 2022-04) Z. N. Mahmoud; R. M. Abdalla
Background This review was conducted from 1996 to 2020 aiming to compile the findings of parasites of freshwater fishes of Sudan in a single document. Methods The present review was based on 105 scientific paper, 3 conferences abstracts, 3 graduation dissertation, 7 master and 2 Ph.D. theses, one unpublished reports, 10 books, and one technical report. The work covered the period from 1902 to 2020. Results Some thousands of freshwater fish specimens were examined for their ecto-parasites and/or endo-parasites. Fifty-eight fish species were reported infected and 162 parasitic species including 32 new species were collected. The parasites found were three bacterial and three fungal species collected from Oreochromis niloticus. From 10 species of fish, 19 protozoans were described. From 10 species of fish, 22 Monogenean species were found including 7 new species. One new Aspidogastrean species was collected from Labeobarbus bynni. From 29 fish species 23 Digenean species were collected including five new ones. From 41 species of fish, 44 species of cestodes parasites were collected including 11 species new to science. Twenty parasitic Nematodes species including seven new ones were collected from 32 fish species. From 12 fish species 9 Crustacean were described. Nine Acanthocephalans including one new species from Ichthyborus besse were collected from 11 fish species. Co-infection was observed. Conclusions: The collected parasites included 31 new species to science. One new subfamily Sandonellinae from Heterotis niloticus was erected; and 10 new genera, Brevicaecum, Sandonia, Afromacroderoides (Digenea); Wenyonia, Sandonella, Amirthalingamia, Barsonella lafoni (Cestoda) and Dichelyne, Nilonema, (Nematoda) were described. Revision of parasitic species designated as CithariniellaTrypanosoma type 1, 2, 3; Dactylogyrus species type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Dogielius sp. 1;Amplicaecum type 1 and Amplicaecum type 2; Contracaecum sp. Third stage-larvae Type 2; Procamallanustype 1, 2, 3 and those parasites identified to the genus level should be given due attention. Some recommendations for further research were offered
Advances in Scientific Research
(Napata Research and Innovation Center (NARIC), 2022-09-27) Napata First Scientific Conference
Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Oral Hygiene for Intensive Care Unit Patients at seven Governmental Hospital In Khartoum State, Sudan, 2020-2021
(Napata College, 2022-09-20) Mazin Babiker; Emad Abd alkarim; Amar Nooraldin
Background: Oral care is a vital procedure for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Oral care may affect the clinical result as well as the wellness of intensive care patients. Adequate knowledge about oral nursing care guidelines is important for nurses to deliver appropriate oral care. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was conducted aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of intensive care nurses regarding oral care in critically ill patients in seven governmental hospitals in Khartoum State. The sample size consisted of 95 nurses in ICUs. Data were collected using interview questionnaire; data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results revealed that 65.3% of nurses had 1 to 3 years of experience. Regarding the definition of dental plaque, 63.2% of participants responded with correct answers. Only 4.2% knew that gingivitisisagum disease and 24.2%said that gingivitis is due to plaque. A percentage of 64.2% participants knew that periodontitis is an inflammation of tooth supporting structure, and 24.2% said that plaque is the cause of periodontitis. Regarding the practice of mouth care twice per a day, 57.9% participants do practice it.
Association of Serum Lipid Profile Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Cardiovascular Disease a case control study, Khartoum State
(Napata College, 2022-07) Mohammed M.A; Mohammed I.A; Ismail A.M; Ali A.M; Dafaalla M.H; Mohammed R.K; Edris S.M; Ali S.Y; Nourallah S.A; Abdalla I.A; Mohamed E.A; Mohamed A.A; Ali A.O; Alnil A.H
Background: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing rapidly worldwide and has become a major health problem and most of these patients die due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) before progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, poor cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients have prompted nephrologists to look for biomarkers that may improve risk stratification in this population. The objective of this study was to evaluate serum lipid profile levels in CKD patients and to determine their association with cardiovascular diseases. Materials & Methods: This analytical case control study was conducted at Ibnsina and Military hospitals in the period from February 2016 to March 2019, (n = 150) clinically diagnosed CKD patients (age range between 22 - 76 years, 105 males and 45 females), and 150 healthy subjects were included as controls. Serum lipid profile and serum creatinine were estimated by Cobas C-311® fully automated analyzer, hemoglobin by Sysmix, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cocroft-Gault formula and blood pressure was measured by using mercuric sphygmomanometer. Results:The results of the current study indicated that, the means of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, creatinine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) higher in CKD patients when compared with that of controls, while HDL-C, hemoglobin and GFR were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) lower. Moreover, serum SBP and DBP were significantly (P-value ≤0.05) higher in CKD patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than CKD patients without CVD, while the means of cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, BMI and creatinine were insignificantly (P-value ˃0.05) increased, meanwhile the mean of HDL-C, GFR and hemoglobin were insignificantly (P-value ˃0.05) decreased. In addition there is insignificant increase in the means of TG, LDL-C, BMI, SBP, DBP, creatinine and hemoglobin, and insignificant decrease in the mean of cholesterol, HDL-C and GFR in male when compared with female in CKD patients. Conclusion:dyslipidemia (high levels of cholesterol, TG, LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C) was higher in patients with CKD. Thus, the lipid profile levels were strongly associated with cardiovascular events in patients who have CKD and are on maintenance hemodialysis (HD).
Book Review
(Napata College, 2022-04)
The Sudan Manual for Medical Emergencies is a compact and wide-ranging handbook that is meant for practicing and student physicians handing acute and critical medical and psychiatric patients. A group of experts contributed to the Manual by putting together updated international guidelines as well as standard of care practices. It also includes comprehensive and illustrative diagrams in addition to an index of included drugs to aid with quick reference. Attempts have been made at providing different patient lifesaving approaches whenever optimal ways are unavailable.
Case study: Contributory Factors to In-hospital Maternal Mortality in a Governmental Hospital in Khartoum State in 2006
(Napata College, 2022-09-24) Christelle Evans; Mutasim El-Feel; Abdelmageed Osman
Background: In-hospital maternal mortality rates in Sudan are currently high, at 0.09%(1). According to World Health Organisation standards, in-hospital maternal mortality should not exceed 0.025%(2). Common contributory factors are numerous, both in-hospital and in the community. This study aims to identify specific contributors to maternal mortality and morbidity in a governmental hospital to make recommendations to minimize them. Materials and Methods: The study basis was an initial case study of maternal morbidity in a governmental hospital with subsequent exploration of contributory factors. A participatory rapid appraisal approach was used, employing observational checklists and semi-structured interviews in order to identify problems at every level of the hospital system, cross-checking information with different stakeholders. Results: Results identified primary delays in seeking care and suboptimal care delivery as the main contributors to in-hospital maternal mortality and morbidity. Interviews with patients and staff also highlighted a need for more patient education and more supervision and training opportunities for junior staff.
Changes in the degree of ventricular hypertrophy following administration of Losartan potassium compared to L-NAME (L – Arginine Methyl Ester)
(Napata College, 2022-07) Muhanad S A; Abdelwahab H M; Osman K A
Background: The main goal of the study is to investigate the effect of Losartan on the degree of heart hypertrophy compared to L-NAME, also is this changes associated with redistribution of the left ventricular MHCs ratio? Methods: forty six white adult Swiss mice CD1 (weight range between 18g and 33g, and their ages range between 8-10 weeks) were used in this study. Animals were distributed randomly into four groups, each consist of eleven mice as follows: Control group left without treatment during the whole period of the study, group A ( given 600mg/L of L-NAME) , group B (given Losartan potassium 1g/L and L-NAME 600mg/L), and group S ( given 1g/L of Losartan potassium). All treatment were mixed with the drinking water , and given for 35 days. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for the separation of the ventricular myocin heavy chains. Results: Administration of Losartan either alone or in combination with L-NAME cause’s significant decreases in the HW/BW ratio with P values 0.000 &0.000 respectively, and this reduction in the degree of the heart hypertrophy shows a shift in α: β ratio towards β LVMHCs compared to control (P values 0.000 &0.001 respectively). While L-NAME treatment in the group A cause’s marginal insignificant increase in HW/BW ratio, P values 0.054, with shifting of α: β MHCs ratio towards β LVMHCs compared to control P values 0.019 . Conclusion: L-NAME treatment changed the LVMHCs from alpha to beta, and this changing occurs before left ventricular hypertrophy. Also treatment with Losartan either alone or in combination with L-NAME produced a shift in the α: β ratio towards β LVMHCs with a decrease in the HW/BW ratio
Community attitudes toward efficacy of standard COVID- 19 preventive measures in Khartoum state
(Napata College, 2022-07) Mohamed E.O; Ahmed E.A; Gismalla K.A; Bastawi M.A; Khojali E.M; Salih A.E
Background: The emerging COVID-19 is a devastating life-threatening disease, which is characterized by high morbidity, with more than 6 million people worldwide, and a fatality rate ranging between 5-10%. In Sudan, approximately more than 10.000 confirmed cases were reported since the onset of the outbreak. Attitudes and behavior play a major role in preventing the emerging and re-emerging diseases. This study aimed at assessing attitude and behavior of participants towards COVID 19. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional community based study. It was carried out in Khartoum State (Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman localities). A total of 1200 participants were randomly interviewed face-to-face using close ended questionnaire. A multistage cluster sampling technique was applied. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Smart PLS was used. Logistic regression, factor analysis and tree analysis were performed. Results: Negative attitude was reported in greater than half of the participants[(52.7%,n=632,(95% 𝐶𝐼, 49.9% − 55.5%)],whilst positive attitude [(47.3%, n=568, (95% 𝐶𝐼, 44.5% − 50.1%)].Regarding behavior, more than the half of the participants [(55.3%,n=663,(95%𝐶𝐼,52.5%− 58.1%)]had poor behavior, whereas [(44.7%, n= 537, (95% 𝐶𝐼, 41.9% − 47.5%)] had good behavior. Factor analysis revealed that, three factors explain 56% of change occurring attitudes towards COVID 19 of the surveyed participants which were misconceptions about COVID19, infodemics of COVID19, and negative stereotyping. The spectrum of behavior was noted in response to isolation strategy, anticipated stigma, and enacted stigma (61%). Logistic regression showed that, participants that had a monthly income between 2000-2999 SDG a month were 2.25 times more likely to have negative attitudes towards COVID19 (𝛽 = 0.809,p<0.001,AOR=2.25, 95% C.I.; 1.48 -3.41,). Education was statistically associated with attitudes towards COVID19 (p<0.001). Males were 0.62 less likely to have poor behavior in comparison with females (𝛽=−0.48,p<0.05,AOR=0.62,95%C.I.;0.43-0.89). Participants with a monthly income ranging from 2000-2999 SDG were 2.83 times more likely to have poor behavior towards COVID19 (𝛽=1.04,p<0.001,AOR=2.83,95%C.I.;1.77-4.52). Tree analysis revealed that attitude was the best predictor of behavior towards COVID19. Locality was the best predictor of negative attitude. Conclusion: Behavior and attitude comprised have a potential effect on preventing and controlling COVID19.
Correlation between Oral Premalignant Lesions and Tobacco Use
(Napata College, 2022-09-27) Raneem MohammedSalahEldin AbdElgadir; Abrar Ahmed Alyayeb; Afra Siddig Mohammed; Alaa Abdallah Abakr1, Hiba Salah FadlAlseed; Hiba Salah FadlAlseed; Ahmed Hashim MohannedSalih Alfaki
Background: Tobacco use is a major public health problem globally. According to the WHO, tobacco is the second most significant cause of death in the world. Tobacco is used in different forms: smoke and smokeless. The use of tobacco and smokeless tobacco has increased and has associated with oral leukoplakia and other precancerous oral lesions. The presence of leukoplakia in adolescent users of smokeless tobacco is related to years of use, frequency of use, and the amount used. Malignant transformation may occur in 0.5% to 6.2% of individuals and is expected to increase with years of use. Objectives: To identify the correlation between oral premalignant lesions and tobacco use. To study the prevalence of oral premalignant lesions among tobacco using patients. To determine the correlation between tobacco and oral premalignant lesions and the risk of tobacco using and to find out the relation between oral premalignant lesions in tobacco users and gender. Methods: This is an analytical, quantitative systematic review study (known to some as a review article) that was conducted in the Republic of the Sudan by students at the school of dentistry at Napata College. This review is meant to discuss the prevalence of oral premalignant lesions among tobacco users, to assess the association between them and to determine the most found types of oral lesions in tobacco users. To write this paper, we inserted a plethora of keywords associated with the topic at hand. A number of researches were excluded as they were inaccessible to us; unrelated to the topic or because they were relatively anachronistic. Following this, we were left with a total of 13 papers, the findings of which are illustrated here. Results: As an overall, and from the studies mentioned, all studies agreed that thereis a correlation between oral premalignant lesions and tobacco use, in which the prevalenceof oral premalignant lesions found in tobacco using patients was between 48% and 60%. Regarding the most seen types of oral lesions related to tobacco use, the commonest lesions in all studies were found to be leukoplakia, keratosis and oral sub-mucous fibrosis. There was a degree of association found between male tobacco users and oral premalignant lesions in some studies.
Design of Multi-Epitope Vaccine from Nipah Virus proteome using Immunoinformatics approach
(Napata College, 2022-07) Zaki E.A; Mohamed S.B; Hamad S.H; Ali S.S
Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus of the paramyxovirus family that sporadically breaks out from livestock and human. Annual review of diseases prioritized under the R&D WHO Blueprint listed the Nipah virus as one of the emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development effort. Moreover, there is a major layback in the development of effective vaccines or drugs against NiV. The aim of this study is to design a non-toxic and potent multi-epitope vaccine against NiV using bioinformatics approach. Materials & Method: In this study, T and B-cell epitopes of NiV protein were predicted and screened based on the antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity and IFN induction features. The epitopes were linked by suitable linkers. Four different adjuvants were attached to the vaccine constructs, then secondary and the 3D structure of the vaccines was predicted. The refinement process was performed to improve the quality of the 3D model structure; the validation process performed using the Ramachandran plot. The designed vaccines binding affinity to HLA molecules, TLR 8 and TLR were evaluated by molecular docking, and select the best docking score for all vaccines against TLR8. Finally, in silico gene cloning was performed in the pET28a (+) vector. Result: The proposed vaccine was shown to be antigenic in VaxiJen server, non-allergenic in Allertop server and non-toxic in Toxinpred server. Thephysiochemical properties of the vaccine showed constructed vaccines stable and can be soluble overexpression.Regarding MHC-I, predicted epitopes for studied proteins (G, FG, M, N, P, L, V and W) ranged from 6 to 52, with an IC50 from 1 to 100, while in MHC-II, predicted epitopes ranged from 1 to 61 with an IC50 1 to 500. Vaccine tertiary structure was predicted, refined and validated to assess the stability of the vaccine via Ramachandran plot. Moreover, solubility of the vaccine construct was greater than the average solubility provided by protein SOL and SOLpro servers. Disulfide engineering was performed to reduce the high mobile regions in the vaccine to enhance stability which was predicted for the vaccines constructed, except L proposed vaccine which was dispensed. Docking of the vaccine construct with TLR8 showed the best binding energy with all proposed vaccines, TLR8 ligand result was taken for all next studies. Immune-simulation significantly provided high levels of immunoglobulins, T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells and INF-γ. Upon cloning, the vaccine protein was reverse transcribed into DNA sequence and cloned into pET28a (+) vector to ensure translational potency and microbial expression. Conclusion: The overall results of the study proved that the multi- epitope construct is a potential candidate for an efficient protective vaccine against NiV. The immunoinformatics approaches accelerate vaccine development process to reduce the risk of in vitro pre-clinical trials.
Direct fragment reattachment of a complicated crown root fracture of maxillary lateral incisor A case report
(Napata College, 2022-07) Awooda E.M; Elsheikh A.M; Abdalhaleem I.M
A 19-year-oldwomansubjected to a blow by an object on one of her upper front teeth presented with tooth mobility and pain during biting. The tooth was upper left lateral incisor and was diagnosed clinically and radio-graphically as a complicated crown root fracture. Treatment done was crown lengthening root canal treatment and fragment reattachment. In case of anterior complicated crown root fracture of permanent teeth with the fracture line extended below the alveolar bone crest; the treatment option is through root canal treatment, crown lengthening and direct fragment reattachment, hence the result will be immediate restoration of aesthetic and function.
Editorial Introduction to the First Issue” Napata Scientific Journal March
(Napata College, 2022-04) Zahir Hilmi
Genetic Analysis of TP53 Gene Mutations in Exon 4 and Exon 8 among Esophageal Cancer Patients in Sudan
(Napata College, 2022-11) Sulafa Mohamed Eltaher; AbeerBabiker Idris; Mahmoud A. H; MawadahYousif Mohamed Yousif; Muzamil M. Abdel Hamid; Kamal Elzaki Elsiddig; Galal Mohammed Yousif; Mohamed A. Hassan
Background: Esophageal Carcinoma (EC) represents the firstrank among all gastrointestinalcancers in Sudan. There are few publications in which there is an absence of literature about themolecular pathogenesis of EC considering TP53 gene from Sudanese population. Aims: In this study we performed the expression analysis on p53 protein level byimmuno-histochemical staining and examined its overexpression with p53 mutations in exons 4 and 8 among esophageal cancer patients in Sudan. Material and Methods: Fixed tissue with 10% buffered formalin was stained by Hematoxlinand Eosin (H&E), Alcian blue- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and immunohistochemistry stain.PCRRFLP was used to study the frequencies of p53 codon 72 R/P polymorphism. ConventionalPCR and Sanger sequencing were applied for exon 4 and exon 8. Then detection and functionalanalysis of SNPs and mutations were performed using various bioinformatics tools. Results: Nuclear accumulations for p53 protein was detected in all of the esophageal examined carcinomas, while no accumulations were observed in normal control sections. Four patients that were immune-positive for p53 showed no mutations in p53 gene (exon4 and exon8). The incidence ofthe homozygous mutant variant Pro/Pro was higher in esophageal cancerous patients comparingto healthy control subjects 20(71. 4%) vs. 1(10%), respectively (p=0.0026). In exon 4, nomutation was detected other than NG_017013.2:g. 16397C>G. While in exon 8, g.18783-18784AG>TT, g.18803A>C, g.18860A>C, g.18845A>T and g.18863_ 18864 InsT wereobserved. Conclusion: We found a significant association between the overexpression of TP53 protein andmutations in exon 4 and 8. A silent mutation P301P was detected in all of examined cases. Twopatients who were diagnosed with small cell sarcoma shared the same mutations in exon8.Further studies with a larger sample size are required to demonstrate the usefulness of thesemutations in the screening of EC especially SCCE.
Genetic variation among Sudanese Leishmania donovani origin and evolution
(Napata College, 2022-04) S.H. Hamad; A.M. Musa; E.A.G. Khalil
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease, with an increasing incidence of two million cases per year, and 350 million people from 88 countries at risk. The causative agents are species of Leishmania, a protozoan flagellate. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated, is caused by species of the Leishmania donovani complex. These species are morphologically indistinguishable but have been identified by molecular methods. This study aimed to explore intra specific diversity among Sudanese L. donovani strains and compare it to Ethiopian and Indian strains. Methods: In this study Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to detect intra specific diversity for the Leishmania donovani in ninety five L.donovani isolates collected from eastern Sudan. Results& Discussion: this study found three different genotypes of Sudanese strains. The similarity between Sudanese strains and Ethiopian and Indian reference strains was measured. Diversity among Sudanese genotypes and the detection of one genotype closely related to the Indian and Ethiopian genotype: led to an evolutionary hypothesis for the origin and dispersal of the species. This proposes that the genus Leishmania may have originated in eastern Sudan. Conclusion: Leishmania donovani isolates from Sudan are genetically diverse. This parasite 4 Napata Scientific journal- issue One- March 2022 could be the ancestor of the leishmania parasites, and its distribution started from Sudan to all of the worlds.
Kingdom of NAPATA
(Napata College, 2022-04) Elzubair Bashir Taha
Archaeological relics and findings of historical research indicate that Sudan has witnessed the rise and fall of regional civilizations for more than ten thousand years. Of all those civilizations the era of the Sudanese Napatan Empire was the greatest in sub-Saharan Africa. Napata Empire began to blossom mid eleventh century BC and survived for a thousand years. The most prosperous period of the Napatan Empire is represented in Egyptology by the 25th dynasty particularly during the pharoship of Taharka (690-660 BC) during whose rule extensive pyramids, settlements and temples were built, the remains of which can still be seen. with its vast economic and distinctive political organization the Napatan civilization was able to spread its territory to include Ethiopia east, Darfur west, Upper Nile South and across lower and upper Egypt thru to Southern Turkey Anatolia. In the seventh century before Christ, the Napatan army defeated the Assyrians and chased them out of entire Syria and Palestine thus librating the sacred city. Taharga, the third Napatan pharaoh, was named in the bible as the protector of Orshleem AlGuds. By assuming full control over the red sea, the Napatan Empire has played an important role in international trade connecting Far East to Egyptian ports thus interacting with Southern Europe via the Mediterranean.
Memorial of a Sudanese Scholar Dr. Abd-Allah Eltayeb Abd-Allah (1921-2003)
(Napata College, 2022) Mohammed Elhassan Altikaena
Pendred Syndrome and Role of Pendrin on Thyroid Physiology
(Napata College, 2022-10-05) Nada Mukhtar
Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of Three Sudanese Tribulus species
(Napata College, 2022-04) Z. A. Hilmi; H. H. EL-Kamali; A. M. Aldai
This study aims to explore the phytochemically bioactive compounds of three Sudanese Tribulus species. Threewild species of Tribulus; T. terrestris, T.longipetalous and T.pentandrus,were collected from KhartoumState. Their bioactive compounds were extracted by ethanol, from their roots, aerial parts, and fruits. Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was used for phytochemical analysis of their bioactive compounds.In T. terrestris different compounds (20 from roots), (27 from aerial parts) & (29 from fruits) were identified by GC/MS. Six classes of chemical compounds were found; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, alkanes and alcohols. Major components were sucrose (28.72%) in roots and 4-O-methyl-mannose in aerial parts (49.60%) and in fruits (43.66%). In T.longipetalous many compounds were identified; 23 from roots, 20 from aerial parts, and 29 from fruits. These compounds were classified into four groups; Sugars, fatty acids, terpenes alcohols. The most commonly detected compound was 4-O-methyl mannose; 73.11% (in roots), 43.24% (in aerial parts) and 35.75% (in fruits). In T.pentandrus more compounds were identified, 31 (roots), 31 (aerial parts) and 42 from fruits. These compounds were grouped into eight classes; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, alkanes, alcohols, steroidal sapogenins and alkaloids. The major component also was 4-O-methylmannose 47.86 % (in roots), 44.75 % (in aerial parts) and 55.05 % (in fruits).The most commonly found classes of compounds in the three Tribulus species were; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids and alcohols. The major compound found in all parts of the three Tribulus species was 4-O-methylmannose. In addition other compounds were identified from T.pentandrus
Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)Leaves extracts
(Napata College, 2022-04) Yasmin Hassan Elshiekh
This study aimed to explore the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Plate agar diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of these extracts using four bacterial species; two Gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, two Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal species; Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The methanol extract showed a significantly higher antibacterial activity in comparison to the other extracts. No antifungal activity was detected in this research with all extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves.

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