Under-Graduate Students

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    5thYear Medical Students' Log Book of Internal Medicine
    (Napata College, 2018) Napata College
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    Adherence of diabetic patients to their respective Management Protocol at Ribat University Hospital in Khartoum – Sudan 2021
    (Napata College, 2021) Rudaina Ismail Osman; Rewa Ezzaldein; Nusaiba Bashir Osman
    Background: Despite diabetes being a well-known disease, many patients have diabetes-related complications, forexample: DSF, cataracts, macro – and micro vascular complications, etc.This research tries to understand diabetes from a patients’ view-points, on whether they consider themselves adherent to not just medications, but to their overall treatment regimen and if they are aware of their treatment being much more than just medications to be taken, but an overall package of medication and life-style changing, and how well they are willing to change in their lives to decreases morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes. Objectives: To determine the level of adherence of diabetic patients to their respective treatment protocol at Ribat University Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan 2021. Materials and Methods:Cross sectional facility based study with total number of sample size 101, random systemic sampling was used to select the participants for this research, and the data was analyzed using SPSS v.26. Results:The overall adherence rate in this study was 63%. Females were found to be statistically significant with adherence level (P value 0.043). Married individuals also had a better adherence rate (P value 0.043), there was a very statistically significant correlation between higher educational levels and adherence rate, as higher educational levels college education and above had a p value of 0.001. Individuals with higher socio-economic statuses were also better adherent, middle and higher classes had higher adherence rates. Middle classes had a p value of 0.039, and wealthier classes had a p value 0.049 respectively. Older age was also statistically significant in regards to adherence rates (p value 0.049). No significant correlation was found in regards to better adherence and co-morbidities. Conclusion: Among the studied variables female gender, married couples, middle and higher socio-economic statuses, and college education level and above were found to be statistically significant with better adherence rates. Older age groups older than 66 years old were found to have astatistically significant to a highly significant correlation. The study recommended FMoH to develop unified evidence based management protocols with conduction of awareness raising campaign about the importance of patient’s adherence to these protocols.
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    Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolated from urinary tract infection among patients under chemotherapy and non chemotherapy in Khartoum state Sudan “2021
    (Napata College, 2021) Husam Eldien Kamal Hamad Mohamed; Ahmed Manaa Badawi Omer; Mahir Awad Yassin Diaeldean,; Sufian Ali Abubaker Ishag; Mohamed El nibras Abdallah billal; Sambo Alim Sambo Khaundi; Mohammed Allalah Mohammed; Ahmed Ahmed Abdullah Ahmed
    Background Urinary tract infections are the common types of infections in the community and health care settings. Despite the widespread availability of antibiotics, urinary tract infection remains a worldwide therapeutic problem. It is a continuous and significant problem in cancer patients. Methods A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 study participants from August to October 2021. Sociodemographic data were collected by a predesigned questionnaire and midstream urine samples collected using simple random sampling technique by using clean, sterile plastic cups and then inoculated onto CLED agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Urine culture was considered significant bacteriuria when colony forming units ≥105/mL of voided urine. Identification was done by using standard microbiological methods. Modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was applied for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with CLSI 2018 criteria. Data were entered, cleared, checked and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. The results were displayed using tables and figures. Value <0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in cancer patients was 56% and 44% of samples did not grow in media. Staphylococcus aureus (20%) was the commonest isolated uropathogenic bacteria followed by E. coli (18%), Candida albicans (10%), Pseudomonas argionosa (4%), Enterococcus fecalis (2%) and Klebsiella species (2%), in cancer patients. Conclusions This study showed a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among cancer patients (56%) compared to apparently healthy donors (44%). E. coli was isolated predominately.
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    Anxiety and depression among mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disability in Khartoum, 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Tebian Elfadil Dirar Fadol; Samia Abd Almajeed Ahmed Mohammed; Samah Abdo Mahir Badr
    Intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are disorders that are usually present at birth and that negatively affect the trajectory of the individual's physical, intellectual, and/or emotional development. .IDD" is the term often used to describe situations in which intellectual disability and other disabilities are present. In this study, The age group of mothers >15 years reported in (0%) of women , between 15-25 years (16%) , between 25-35 years (44%) and above 35 years (48%) , University level of education reported in (32%) , school in (34%) , educate (32%) and non reported in (10%) , Residence from rural areas reported in (42%) of people and from town (58%) , The age group of children >1 years reported in (19%) of children , between 1 - 5 years (33%) , between 5 - 10 years (31%) and above 10 years (17%) , children diagnosed during pregnancy reported in (16%) of children , neonate (33%) , infant (21%) , preschool (18%) and at school age (10%) , Children with cerebral palsy reported in (23%) , syndrome (53%) and with special needs (24%) , The level of disability reported in mild (39%) , modrate (24%) and in sever (37%) , The follow up of mothers during the pregnancy show (87%) with follow up and (13%) without follow up , 97% was counseled and 21% was not , The figure show 21% of children admitted to main stream , 60% to special centers and 19% stay at home , On academic achievement the ability to understand is poor in (37%) , good in (40%) and excellent in (23%) , On behavior of a children (25%) are calm and (75%) are with difficult contact with others , 32% of children with family history of disability and 68% without family history of disability , The effect of child illness on child life style is about 83% of children and the other 17% are normal or without effect , About marital status (73%) married and relative relation , (7%) divorced and (20%) window , The effect of illness on marital status is present in 56% of them , The social acceptance of child disability is poor in (43%) of children , good in (30%) and excellent in (27%) , anxiety symptoms that appears in mothers of children with illnesses is about (67%) , depression symptoms that appears in mothers of children with illnesses is about (33%) , financial status that is low in (61%) , modrate in(29%) and high in (10%) , 27% of affected mothers is on chronic medications and 73% are not on chronic medication and 86% of them doing physiotherapy and 14% not . Mental health providers need to be aware of these issues, so appropriate mental health screening can be utilized among the care givers of children with IDD. It is important that these mothers receive adequate support in order to manage their mental health so that they can better provide for their child's needs.
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    Assessment of Blood Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Calcium and Phosphorus levels pre- and post-dialysis in Sudanese patients diagnosed with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
    (Napata College, 2020) Abdalgadir Mohammed Elmostfa Abdalgadir; Mohammed Almahe Alsmani Khojali; Noura Mohammed Abulwafa Hassan; Fatima Mohamed Abdulla Osman; Eltayb Ahmad Eltayb Shkyry
    Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a permanent Loss of normal kidney functional or structural with or without reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), which may be due to various factors including infections, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, hypertension and other endocrine disorders, and toxin chemicals, may lead to death. Materials and Methods: A descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of haemodialysis on (19) Sudanese patients with chronic kidney disease aged between (25-60). Three ml of venous blood was drawn pre and post dialysis from each patient, using disposable syringe. Serum Level of urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium and phosphors were estimated in all samples by co-bas C311, statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS for windows. Results: The study showed significance statistical difference in the mean of urea, creatinine, uric acid and phosphorus p-value(0.000001),(0.0001),(0.0001),(0.002) respectively however the mean of calcium showed insignificant statistical difference p-value(0.992). Conclusion: The findings showed that hemodialysis have an effected on urea, creatinine, uric acid and phosphorus but has no effect on calcium.
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    ASSESSMENT OF COAGULATION PROFILE AMONG METHAMPHETAMINE SUDANESE ADULTS ABUSERS IN KHARTOUM STATE
    (Napata College, 2022-10) Khalid Mohammed Ahmed Yousif; Mohammed Saif Aldein El-tayeb Abdalla; Maab EL-Riyh Ibrahim Mohamad; Motwakel EL-Hafize EL-Tayeb EL-Emam; Awatif Osman Hussein Fadul
    Background: Methamphetamine is strong addictive drug that has serious physiological and psychological effects on human; we performed this study to assess the coagulation profile among Methamphetamine Sudanese adult abusers in Khartoum state. Method: An analytical case control study aimed on testing coagulation parameters on methamphetamine abuser as a case group and nonusers as a control group, the recorded results were analyzed using SPSS program. Results: A 50 samples of case group and 50 samples of control group were tested against each other for coagulation tests. The analyzed results revealed that males were abusing methamphetamine were much more than females. The analysis also shows that the addicts who have been abusing meth for a long time have a higher PT, APTT and INR than the patients who using it recently. The platelets of methamphetamine abusers were a bit lower than the people with no history of abusing. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the study populations are at higher risk of coagulopathies. Planning of drug awareness programs and developing of the rehabs centers would help to reduce the effect of Methamphetamine drug.
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    Assessment of Depression among Medical Students in NAPATA College due to COVID-19 pandemic٫2021.
    (Napata College, 2021) Alaa bannaga alataya ahmed; Enas jaffer yousif; Shahad motwkel ahmed; Sohila khider ahmed
    Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a mental health crisis among medical students in Sudan due to lockdown restrictions, overwhelming numbers of COVID-19 cases, financial difficulty, etc. This mental health crisis may led to high degrees of depression among medical students. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate incidence of Depression due to COVID 19 pandemic among Medical Students in NAPATA College 2021. Methods: This cross-sectional institutional-based study was conducted at NAPTA College-Sudan during period September 2020 to September 2021 by using Forms questionnaire. The questionnaire Form included a sociodemographic questionnaire and psychometric Depression scales evaluating the psychological Depression impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed in the study. Results: A total of One hundred seventy four medical students participated in this study, of whom 66%were females and 36 were males. After assessment of the psychometric Depression scales, it was found that More than half medical students carried in this study were found to have depression due to COVID 19 pandemic with different scales ranging from mild depression 38% of the study participants to sever 5% according to beck test. Among the identified risk factors, having a family member who was infected with COVID-19 was significantly associated with depression, with P values0.04. Conclusions: This research concludes that there is high incidence depression symptoms rate of COVID-19 among medical students
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    Assessment of knowledge of Basic Life Support among Napata Students 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Fatima Daffalla Alhade Omer; Tayba Fathelrahman Mohamed El-Tayeb; Maarib Abdelmoneim Ali Elamas
    Background: One of the most common causes of death worldwide is sudden cardiac arrest. Basic life support (BLS) training rates vary globally, and there are generally few surveys evaluating students' knowledge and understanding of BLS in Middle Eastern nations, particularly Jordan, Syria, and Iraq. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess medical students' knowledge of basic life support. Method: This is observational descriptive cross sectional study conducted at Napta University, faculty of medicine Khartoum, Sudan. In undergraduate students at different levels at November 2022 , using standardized questionaire. The sample size was 494 and 500 sample was collected. The knowledge score was calculated. Results: This study included 500 participants all of them were students Only 5% of them have done a training course and 95% haven’t done a training course .17.8% of the participated students had good knowledge about BLS while 82.2% of them had poor knowledge regarding knowledge of effective resuscitation 8.2% of them had good knowledge ,knowledge about complication of CPR 29.4 %had good knowledge.53% had good knowledge about signs of shock and 16.6% had good knowledge about BLS in children and infants .26% of the students had positive attitude about asphyxia while 74% of them had negative attitude There is a strong association between knowledge, academic specialization, training and academic level (P value .000) Conclusion: The results indicate that students’ knowledge toward BLS is not significant and require more training. So there is urgent need to include BLS courses in undergraduate curriculum particularly in preclinical stage.
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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice to Infection Control Among the Final Dental Students in the Khartoum stat
    (Napata College, 2020) Abdelaziz A Hassan; Shimaa A Jobara
    Background: Infection is one of the most crucial problems in health care services worldwide. It is considered one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality associated with clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and practices with recommended infection control guidelines among final dental students in Khartoum University, AL-Raze University, AL-Nilain University, National Ribat University, University of Medical Sciences and Technology and Bayan College. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Knowledge, attitude and practices of the final dental students regarding infection control measurements. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to obtain information regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices with recommended infection control guidelines. The sample (n = 186) of final dental students in both male and female. This questionnaire contained three parts and was distributed to the participants online. After validation of the survey, data were collected, entered and analyzed by SPSS software. Data collection: Tool: Self-administered questionnaire consisted of “23” close-ended questions. It was being administrated to “186” dental students to answer in a time of 20-minutes. The questionnaire was sent to all students and interns by email to be filled electronically and informed consent was obtained before commencing the questionnaire. Data analysis: The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for windows. General characteristics of subject articles will be analyzed using frequency and percentage. Results: Regarding the subject’s attitudes toward infection control, the present study indicated that the, most of the students (90.3% - 81.7%) cared about protective parries (gloves, face mask). However, they were less concern about using other protective items (73.1% face shield, 72.1% gown and 52.6% head cap). Also, the findings of the present study indicated a very low rate of HBV vaccination. Only 72.7% of the students were vaccinated against Hepatitis B. In our survey, only 32.3% of students who were immunized have reported post-HBV immunization serology. In order to facilitate better understanding on how to evaluate awareness on infection control amongst final dental students, several questions related to previous education in infection control during the graduate studies were included in the questionnaire. The findings of this study showed insufficient knowledge among the subjects. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate insufficient attitude and awareness toward infection control. Subjects responses showed deficiency of education to support infection control measures and their self-assessment and satisfaction reflect their performance toward infection control policy. The deficit of knowledge could be due to the inadequacy of infection control educational materials during years of study. Another reason might be the lack of belief that practice of standard precautions may interfere with patient health and care. Recommendation: It is recommended that the findings would be useful for planning and implementation of future interventions, including a national survey of dental institutions across the country.
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    ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE OF TEACHERS TOWARD FIRST AID, OMDURMAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, February – December 2021
    (Napata College, 2021) Nehal mahjoob elhaj elqasim; Heba abbas abdalwahab; Abrar omer saeed morgan
    Background: The knowledge, understanding and good performing of first aids can be vital to save someone's life in a case of accidents and emergencies specially children at age of primary school because they're exposed to illnesses and danger; therefore it's important for teachers at school to know how to deal with it and how to perform first aids. Objective: the aim of this study is to assess primary school teacher's knowledge, attitude regarding first aid. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study design was applied among primary school teachers at primary schools in Omdurman, eight randomly primary schools was chosen, the study was carried out in primary school teachers with exclusion criteria. A self-administered questionnaire was designed, data was analysed manually and by excel, charts from Microsoft have been used, chi squire test is used to estimate the correlation between the variables. Results: Of the 100 primary school teachers participants, 40% their age ranged between (41 and 50) years, 43% attended a course on first-aid, 73% of teachers said that first aid equipment’s are available at school, 49% of the teachers said that there a first aid responders at their school 66% of teachers have a personal experiences with incidents at school (50% ) had good knowledge, (35% ) had fair knowledge and (15%) had poor knowledge. We found that 100% of teachers have positive attitude toward FA. Conclusions: Knowledge about First Aid is not satisfactory according to standards of first aid in suda among teachers of Primary schools in Omdurman. First Aid educational and training programs recommended to be introduced at school curriculum.
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    Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Oral Hygiene for Intensive Care Unit Patients in Khartoum State at Governmental Hospital, 2020_2021
    (Napata College, 2020) Emad Abdelakareem; Mazin Babiker
    Oral care is a vital procedure for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Oral care may affect the clinical result as well as the wellness of intensive care patients. Adequate knowledge about oral nursing care guideline is important for nurses to deliver appropriate oral care. A descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was conducted aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of intensive care nurses regarding oral care in critically ill patients in seven governmental Hospitals, Khartoum State, Sudan,(2020-2021). The sample size consisted of 95 nurses in ICUs. Data were collected using interview questionnaire; data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that (65.3%) of nurses with 1-3 years of experience. (63.2%) of participants responded with correct answers regarding definition of dental plaque, only 4.2% knew that gingivitis is a gum disease. 24.2% said gingivitis is due to plaque. (64.2%) of participants knew that periodontitis is an Inflammation of tooth supporting structure, 24.2% said plaque is the cause of periodontitis. (57.9%) of participants practice mouth care twice per a day ., The study concluded that nurses' knowledge regarding oral care for critically ill patients in intensive care unit was inadequate , while their practice and attitude is fair.
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    Assessment of Soc ioeconomic And Psychological Impact of Hemodialysis Among Patients With End Stage Renal Disease In Bahri Teaching Hospital From August-December 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Nehad Mohammed Gahelrasool Hassan; Erhaf Alamin Ahmad Mohammed; Safa Musa Abdallah abdalmajed
    1.2 Background: End-stage renal failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is the final, permanent stage of chronic kidney disease, where kidney function has declined to the point that the kidneys can no longer function on their own. 1.3 Justification: Renal failure is a common health problem worldwide and dialysis is considered as the most effective replacement therapy. It affects the social quality of life of patients and may lead to some sort of dysfunction. The cost of dialysis in developing countries exceeds the financial ability of the majority of patients also affect their psychologicl health This study aims to assess the socioeconomic and psychological problems that facing dialysis patients and try to find suitable solutions for it as much as possible. 1.4 General objective: Assessment of socioeconomic and psychological impact of end stage Renal disease 1.5 Specific Objectives : -To identify sociodemographic characteristics that affect on end stage Renal disease . -To study the psychological effect of dialysis and related changes. -To assess social impact of dialysis on end stage Renal disease patients. -To compare between income of patient and the cost of hemodialysis. Aim of the study To assess the socio-economic impact and psychological effect of renal dialysis on patients of end stage Renal disease Method A descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was conducted at bahri teaching hospital in Renal Dialysis Center in August 2022 and it included 151 patients with end stage renal disease on dialysis process. All patients were interviewed to collect the socio-demographic and clinical data based designed questionnaire and the collected data was analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences. Result the average age of study population was ( >46) year which represent (52.3%) ,with gender predominance for male (51.7%) , the majority of them were university educated (27.8%) ,about (48.3%) of them were unemployed, (73.5%) married (3.3%) of the participants were divorced due to morbidity , (33.7%) of patients had low economic status while (25.8%) had moderate to high economic status , (42.4%) receive dialysis for ≥ 5 years , (95%) have permanent dialysis ,(53%) their income didn’t cover their cost of dialysis and life demand , (4%) of patients turn to sale their property to deal with the cost of dialysis , other ( 86.1%) receive financial support from their families , (72.8%) of patients their social life affected, ( 27.2%) not affected , from (n=16) of student patients there was ( n=13) left their study while ( n=3) continued their study regularly , (40%) of the patients were depressed while ( 60%) weren’t depressed and the majority of the depressed were female (61.7%). Conclusion Renal dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for patients with end stage renal disease; however, it adversely affects patients’ social life and psychological status also their economic status was affected negatively in bahri teaching hospital in Renal Care Center because the cost of dialysis exceed their monthly income.
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    Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude & practices of Mothers of Under-Five Malnourished Children at Ahmed Gasim Hospital December 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Ahmed Ali Mohamed Mohamed Elhadedy; Shadin Ayoub Ebrahim Adam; Afnan Aman Allah Azhar Alhoq; Salih Abdulwahab Ahmed Alnagar
    Background: Malnutrition among children is still one of the most challenging and complex problem worldwide. Sudan has a rapidly growing population, water scarcity, falling food production and low resilience to climate change. The combined effects lead to food insecurity which greatly influences the children‟s nutritional status Objectives: aim of the study was to investigate the impact of mothers’ knowledge on malnutrition preventive practices amongst children in Ahmed Gasem Hospital Dec 2022 Methods: This cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted at Ahmed Gasem Hospital -Sudan during period September to December 2022 by using structured questionnaire. The e questionnaire had four sections. The first section from question 1to question 11 comprised sociodemographic information, the second part from question 12 to question 30 comprise questions related to maternal Knowledge toward their malnourished children, the third part from question 31 to question comprised questions 37 related to maternal attitudes toward their malnourished children and the fourth part from question 38 to question 41 comprised questions related to maternal perceptions toward their malnourished children Results: The present study enrolled 108 mothers of malnourished children. Their ages ranged from 16 and 43 years with the median (interquartile range (IQR)) age being 23 (21 - 30) years. Most the respondents were aged between 22 and 30 years 59 (54.6%), from Khartoum 70 (64.8%), and unemployed 81 (75.0%). The number of children of the respondents ranged from one to nine with a with a median of one (one to two) child(ren). Respondents with one and two children were constituted 40 (37.0%) and 36 (33.3%) of the total respondents. Respondents held positive attitudes towards feeding their children frequently commensurate to the need for food. The study discovered that the majority (92%) of the respondents heard and understood malnutrition. Furthermore, the study found that the majority (88.4%) of the respondents knew that eating balanced diet food prevents malnutrition. The mothers knowledge was found to be 69 (63.9%) has good Knowledge, 25(23.1 %) has Fair Knowledge and 14(13%) has Poor Knowledge .The mothers Attitude was found to be 63 (58%) has positive attitude and 45(42 %) has Negative attitude. The mothers practices was found to be 55 (51%) has good practices and 53(49 %) has bad practices
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    Assessment patient’s satisfaction of palliative care service in adult cancer in Khartoum state 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Abdullah Malik Abdul Majid; Mohammed Mustafa Babekir; Mohammed Omer Sir Al-khatim; Hadeel Edriss Ahmed; Yousif Moawia Ahmed
    Background and Aims: Patient satisfaction is an important quality indicator of health care service. The concept ofhome-based palliative care has been recently introduced in many countries, but the patients' satisfaction with this care remained unexplored. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of the cancer patients receiving this care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 51 surviving cancer patients above 18 years of age registered under the home-based care service of the Department of Palliative Medicine, at Radiation and isotope centre of Khartoum (RICK) - Sudan. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire based on the FAMCARE P16 questionnaire from November to December 2022. Descriptive analysis was done for the sociodemographic and satisfaction-related indicators. Result: The majority of the patients (88.2%) were satisfied with the service provided by the home care team. Most (76.5%) of the patients were women, and the mean age was 56.25 ± 14.8 years. The median duration of getting home-based care was 4 months. Main satisfaction indicators were—assessment of physical symptoms (70.6%), providing information about pain management (70.6%), the inclusion of the family in decision making (76.5%), coordination of care between the members of the home care team (84.3%) and availability of doctors, nurses and palliative care assistants (74.5%). Conclusion: Despite the limitations, the overall satisfaction level of the patients regarding homebased palliative care services in Sudan is very high
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    Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients attending Alfaisal Eye Center
    (Napata College, 2021) Anwar Alhuda Bashir
    Background : Diabetes mellitus (DM) can result in many complications such as nephropathy, cardiovascular, neurologic and ocular complications,1 with diabetic retinopathy (DR) being the most common microvascular ocular complication of DM. So to avoid worsening of DR we should be sure about awareness of patients of DR among diabetes . Objectives: The general objective of this study is to occurs due to poor control of DM and lack ofknowledge of the complications of DM.among many approaches, strong awareness of retinopathy by diabetic patients could help in the early detection, management and prevention of this complication. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study will conducted by the questionnaire for collecting data in the survey research. Results: about 34% of patients controling diabetes by taking medication , and about 4% they don’t know . 51% they say we do a blood test to find out if person diabetic or not and about 49% of patients say we do urine test .about 52% of patients say they should take treatment of diabetes till the sugar levels get under control , and about 48% they say we should take it for life long .60% of patients say the eyes is the most affected by diabetes and about 4% they don’t know .about 32% of patients say the problem of diabets in eyes is catract , and about 4% they don’t know .46% of patients say that they find out diabetes can cause retinopathy informed by physician at local hospital . and about 4% got informed from media.books. 62% of patients say that diabetes can cause retinopathy at the time of diagnosis , and about 38 % say any other . about 69.4% of patients say that yes diabetic retinopathy can cause blindness , and about 14.3% say no. about 61.2% of patients say that factors can cause woresning of DR is poor control of diabetes . and about 8.2% they do not know .about 32% of patients say the treatment opthion available for DR is surgery . and about 4% say they do not know . about 60% of patient say the person with DR yes can have a normal vision and about 8 % they do not know .about 66% of patients say yes the patient with diabetes should have a periodic dilated eye check up to look for DR. and about 12% say they do not know.about 54% of patients say the patient with diabetes but not having DR yes he should have a dilated eye check up every 6 months and about 38% say once a year .about 86% of patients say yes they taking medicines for diabetes as advised by the physician and about 14 % of patients say no they didn’t .about 64% of patients say yes their diabetes under control and about 12 % they don’t know . Conclusion: enough awaering of DR patients could really help in early stage since they getting diagnosed by DR and spaically when they diagnosed by diabetes then kept following up with physition , medicine spacialist and ophthalmologist .
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    Awareness of Mothers about Diarrhea Causes, Risk Factors, Management towards their under-five children in Ahmed Gasim Hospital 2022
    (Napata College, 2022) Aida Abdo Ibrahim Alhaj; Rania Ahmed Almustafa Elamin; Fayhaa Gasas A l-Khalifa Abdul Baqi; Tagwa Awad Adam; Reem Bilal Ebad Abo
    Background: Diarrheal disease rank among the top of three causes of child hood illnesses in the developing countries. About one-third of total hospitalization children are due to diarrheal disease and 17% death related to this condition. WHO estimate that diarrhea accounted for 13.1% of deaths among child under five in Sudan in 2009 reported. Mothers are a very important group that can able to save their children's lives, therefore this s study will concern with mother's management of diarrheal diseases. The objective of this study was to study mother’s knowledge regarding diarrheal disease and management in child under five years in Ahmed Gasim Hospital 2022.. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the quantitative approach. A total of 120 mothers were selected randomly. Data was analyzed with SPSS. Categorical variables are presented as proportions and their associations determined by chi-square test with (P<0.05) as significant level and logistic regression. Results: Most of the mothers in current study their age was 26-35 years (46%), as well as most of them were housewives (88%). Regarding educational level most of the mothers their educational level was secondary (35%) moderate socioeconomic status was reported among most of mother. More than half of the mothers have poor knowledge about cause and Associated symptoms of diarrhea, identify the causes. Regarding Treatment and management of diarrhea most of mothers have poor knowledge regarding Treatment and management of diarrhea that is mean they did not know hazard of diarrhea. The current study show majority of the mothers have poor knowledge about preparation of ORS and stop ORS administration When Stop of diarrhea, Conclusion: Most of the mothers have a poor knowledge regarding Diarrhea (definition, causes, complication, prevention).Also most of the mothers had knowledge regarding management at home and how to prevent their children from recurrent diarrhea.
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    Causes of refusing of covid-19 vaccination among medical care providers in Omdurman teaching hospital 2022.
    (Napata College, 2022) AHMED MOHAMED AHMED ALFAKI; OTHMAN MOBARAK AISSA MUSTAFA; OHOOD NASRADDIN ALNOOR ALI; TOMADER ALI MOHAMMED
    Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic and a current public health priority affecting the general population globally. Vaccination against COVID-19 has been available in Sudan since 2021. Despite the existence of the COVID-19 vaccine and the increasing vaccination rates among, there are reports of refusal to get vaccinated in a different segment of the population, including medical care providers. Data on the acceptance of vaccination and its influencing factors are necessary. Little is known about why medical care providers refuse the COVID-19 vaccination. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons leading to rejecting vaccination, among medical care providing in Omdurman teaching hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a group of medical care providers at Omdurman teaching hospital. Data were collected from 307 participants through direct interview (100 participants were collected through an online Google submission form). Data were entered into SPSS program for analysis. Results: Approximately 46.57 % of the medical care providers in the study had refused COVID-19 vaccination. Among age groups, 37.7% were less than 31years old, from 31-40 years old were 5.5% and 3.2% more than 40 years old. Refusal among doctors was 19.86%, , 20.5% of nurses were refused, 3.58%, refusal among laboratory technicians, among Anasethia technicians 0.65% were refused to get vaccine, 1.95% pharmacists refused. Three main categories of reasons for refusing a COVID-19 vaccination were identified: it’s a new vaccine and there is no enough data, they don’t believe in vaccine, and it has many complications. Conclusions: Approximately near half of the medical care providers in Omdurman teaching hospital participated in this study were indicated to refuse COVID-19 vaccination. The development of effective vaccine will be an important landmark for vaccine hesitancy and refusal among medical care providers.
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    Comparative in Vitro Quality Evaluation of Two Brands Of Folic Acid 5mg Tablets available at Sudan
    (Napata College, 2022) Alromysa Ibrahim Alfadol; Tasabeeh Mohammed Mustafa; Omnia AL Rasheed Grip Allah; Razan Adel Altayeb Abdalgader
    Folic acid is the synthetic version of the vitamin folate, also known as vitamin B9. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmaceutical quality of the Folic acid tablets dispensed in sudan. Two different brands of immediate release Folic acid tablets were tested for weight variation , hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution. The result showed all marketed products comply with established limit.
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    Comparative Quality Control Study of two immediat release Brands of Diclofenac Potasium Tablets 50mg in vetro testing
    (Napata College, 2021) Thuwaiba saad Hamza; Eman sidig; Rashida Elssir Murgani
    Diclofenac potassium is a well known representative of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, widely used to control pain and inflammation of rheumatic and non-rheumatic origin. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmaceutical quality of the Diclofenac potassium tablets dispensed in sudan. Two different brands of immediat release Diclofenac Potassium tablets were purchased from pharmacies. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of these Diclofenac Potasium tablets were assessed according to established methods. The results of weight variation , hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution test of all marketed products comply with established limit. The diclofenac tablet, A exhibited highest hardness up to 8.82 compared to B tablet. However, tablet A showed highest % of friability up to 1.47 compared to B tablet.
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    Comparative smart market
    (Napata College, 2020) Athelah Mohamed Omar; Zaineb Fathalrahman Sedeeg
    In view of the wide spread of the Internet, which has become accessible to most members of society, and the country has gone through one of the biggest crises of the new century represented by the outbreak of the new Corona virus, and from the standpoint of facilitating people's lives, keeping pace with technological and cultural development and achieving development in Sudan, the idea of the project was launched, which is to provide a website for marketing basic food commodities. The idea of the project is to provide a website that reaches the largest possible number of customers through the site, so that it achieves the main goal of the project, which is to compare the prices of food commodities in the major stores, which are the main point for buying groceries and slipping you through one site, which saves them the trouble of traditional shopping, saves the time and effort of the shopper and transforms Shopping for the pleasure of surfing the Internet from different computers or via smart devices from anywhere. We are also looking forward to adding all the major stores in the country to facilitate the exchange of services and the delivery of products on a wider scale.