Volume 3

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    Analysis on the Association of Prevalence, Gender Differences and Age with Thyroid Diseases
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Mukhtar N.; Abdalla O. M.2
    Introduction Diseases of the thyroid gland are manifested by qualitative or quantitative alterations in hormone secretion, enlargement of the thyroid (goiter), or both. Insufficient hormone secretion results in the syndrome of hypothyroidism or myxedema, in which decreased caloric expenditure (hypometabolism) is a principle feature. Conversely, excessive secretion of active hormone results in hypermetabolism and other features of a syndrome termed hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis (1) . Materials and Methods The present study has been designed and conducted to investigate the significance of gender and age on thyroid diseases. Test results were taken from the records of the Radio Immunoassay Laboratory at the Nuclear Medicine Department of the Sudan Atomic Energy Commission. The results were of individuals that have undergone the thyroid function tests T4, T3 and TSH. The levels of T4, T3 and TSH in blood serum were measured using radioimmunoassay techniques. Results of the tests were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The total number of respondents was 550.Anal. On Assoc. of Prev., Gender & Age with Thyroid Dis. Mukhtar et. al. Results The distribution of these respondents according to the levels of T4, T3 and TSH revealed that 12.18% of patients showed high levels of T4, 9.64% showed high levels of T3, and 5.09% showed high levels of TSH. Results also revealed that 3.82% showed low levels of T4, 3.45% showed low levels of T3 and 3.82% showed low levels of TSH. The present data indicates that 3.82 % of the patients were affected with hypothyroidism and 12.18% of the patients were affected with hyperthyroidism. The data also revealed that the females outnumbered the male subjects in this study. The male respondents represented 11.09 % of the total number of respondents, while the females represented 88.91 %. The distribution of respondents according to age and sex revealed that the majority of patients from both sexes lied between the age of 20 and 40. The minority were found at less than 20 years. Conclusion Prevalence of hyperthyroidism is 3 times higher than in hypothyroidism. Women are generally at higher risk of most types of thyroid disease than men. It has also been noticed that the severity of thyroid diseases manifests clearly in male respondents. The risk of thyroid dysfunction increases with age and it is more prevalent in elderly males.
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    Asthma Patients Satisfaction towards Nursing Management at Alshaab Teaching Hospital - Khartoum State 2023.
    (Napata College, 2024-08) Asawir Mohammed Ibrahim Ali; Mustafa Khider Elnimeiri; Amal Badawi Bu
    Background: Patient satisfaction is the perception of the level of care received compared with the care expected and represents a balance between the perception and expectation of the nursing care received. Patients' satisfaction with nurses' care has become a significant way to measure the quality of care. Objective: To study the level of asthma patients' satisfaction towards nursing management. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Shaab Teaching Hospital. The sample size was 129 patients. All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were interviewed. Data were collected using a standardized administered questionnaire and analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, presented in the form of tables and figures. Results 38% of the patients were aged between 25-44 years, and 78.3% were non-smokers. Patients were satisfied regarding the cost of asthma care, availability of medications, time that nurses spent with patients, and quality of information received from nurses at 51.2%, 49.6%, 76.7%, and 9.8% respectively. Overall, 69% of asthmatic patients had a strong level of satisfaction related to nursing management. Conclusion The study concluded that most patients had a strong level of satisfaction related to nursing management. There was a statistically significant association between total satisfaction, treatment regimen, and the periodicity or frequency of asthmatic attacks, with a P-value of 0.01.
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    Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Ambrosia maritima Collected from Two Different Locations in Ed-Damer region, River Nile State, North Sudan Based on GC/MS Analysis
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Khalid Elshafie Osman Elshafie; Ibrahim Saeed Yousef; Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali
    In this study, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to compare the chemical compositions of Ambrosia maritima aerial parts collected from two different locations in Ed-Damer region, River Nile State, Northern Sudan. The results showed that 14 compounds of the two plant samples contained the same chemical composition, which was 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, Decanoic acid ethyl ether, 1-cyclohexene 1-ol, 2,6- dimethyl acetate, 2-acetoxy 1,1,10 trimethyl 6,9-epidioxydecalin, 6,8-nonadien-2-one, 6- methyl-5-(1-methylethylidene-, Ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Phytol, Androstan-17- one,3-ethyl-3-hydroxy (5-alpha), 17-beta-hydroxy-6-oxo-4,5-secoandrosta-, 5-alpha-17- alpha pregnan-12 one and Cyclohexanamine,N-(hexa-hydro-3 methylene 2(3H) – Comp. of Chem. Composition of A. maritima Elshafie et. al. benzofuranyledene)-but the percentage content was different. The main components of the ethanolic extracts of the two samples were different. N,N-dimethylglycine (2.16%) , Norethindrone (19.76%), alpha-amyrin (0.66%) and others were only detected in Ambrosia maritima (sample Am1), Nitroacetamine (16.07%) , linoleic acid, ethyl ester (9.83%), gamma-sitosterol (5.59%), and others were only detected in Ambrosia maritima (sample Am2).
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    Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Drinking Purposes using Water Quality Index: A Case Study at Abu Guta area, Gezira Scheme
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Maha Yousif El-Aamri; Adam Khalifa Mommed; Khalid Abdel-Fattah; Hisham I. M. Abdel-Magid
    In this study, researchers delve into the assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in the Abu Guta area within the Gezira Scheme. They shed light on the growing demand for water driven by population growth and economic development, underlining the crucial role of groundwater as the primary water source in the region, emphasizing its importance for sustaining life. The article emphasizes the significance of water quality assessment in determining its suitability for human consumption, taking into account both natural processes and human activities. To comprehensively evaluate water quality, the researchers employ the Water Quality Index (WQI), a tool that provides a holistic analysis based on various parameters and allows for comparisons against established guidelines. The study meticulously outlines the methodology for calculating WQI scores, focusing on parameters like pH, chlorides, hardness, and conductivity, among others. Through rigorous sampling and laboratory analysis of water samples from 22 locations, the researchers uncover a spectrum of water quality ranging from poor to good for drinking purposes, with variations observed across different samples and seasons. Eval. Of Groundwater at Abu Guta El Aamri et al . Key parameters influencing water quality, such as pH, hardness, and chloride levels, are identified and discussed in detail. While most parameters meet recommended standards, deviations are noted in certain samples, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and management efforts to address water quality challenges effectively. In essence, the study provides valuable insights into groundwater quality assessment using the WQI methodology, emphasizing the importance of ongoing monitoring and management practices to ensure a safe and sustainable drinking water supply in the region. Through their research, the authors advocate for a holistic approach to water management, underscoring the imperative of safeguarding this vital resource for present and future generations.
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    Evaluation of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Aqueous Seed Extract of Solenostemma argel in Male Albino Rats
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Nagia Khallafala Atta EL-Fadeel; Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali; Azam Abdel Aal Afifi; Sara Hamad
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity/safety potential of Solenostemma argel seeds aqueous extract at three different doses (700, 500 and 200 mg/Kg b.w) in albino rats using haematological and biomedical parameters. Male albino rats were used in this study; the rats were divided into four groups. The blood parameters measured were: WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Lym %, Gran %, Mid %, Lym #, Gran #, Mid #, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, P.LCR, P.LCC , RDW-CV and RDW-SD, whereas the biochemical parameters measured were : AST, ALP, ALP, Glucose , total cholesterol and triglycerides. Our study finding demonstrated that aqueous extract of S.argel seed at doses 700 and 500 mg/Kg b.w caused reductions in MCV, Gran %, Gran #, PCT, PLT, P-LCC and RDW-SD, whereas at dose 200 mg/Kg b.w caused reductions in PLT, PCT and PLCC. The extract caused increase in WBC (except at 700 mg/Kg b.w), HGB, HCT, Lym%, PDW, P-LCR, Lym # (except at dose 700 mg/Kg b.w). The rats groups at three doses showed non-significant change in liver function tests parameters (AST,ALT and ALP), whereas as it showed significant change in Glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol (except at dose 200 and 500 mg/Kg b.w. Consumption of this plant may have tremendous impact on subjects suffering from hyper-triglyceridermia. This supports the safety use of the aqueous extract of S.argel in pharmacological studies.
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    Floristic Composition and Species Diversity in Sunt Forest Reserve, Khartoum State, Central Sudan
    (Napata College, 2024-08) Mozdelfa Adam Babiker Ali; Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali
    The study investigates the weed species composition and diversity in the Sunt Forest Reserve, Khartoum State, Central Sudan. The floristic composition comprises 21 species from 18 genera and 11 families. The Leguminosae family is the most abundant, with five weed species, followed by Poaceae with four and Asteraceae with two. Tragus berteronianus (Poaceae) is the most significant species based on the Importance Value Index (IVI), with an IVI of 89.53%. Polygala erioptera (Polygalaceae) is the second most significant, with an IVI of 85.71%, followed by Rorippa indica (Brassicaceae) and Cyperus squarrosus (Cyperaceae) with IVIs of 80.44% and 72.32%, respectively. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index for the area was 4.206, while the Simpson's Index of Diversity (1 – D) was 0.05682. These values indicate a relatively high species diversity compared to other subtropical forests worldwide. Keywords: Floristic composition, Species diversity, Weed species, Sunt Forest Reserve, Khartoum State, Central Sudan.
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    Heavy Metal Concentration in Commonly Consumed Fruits from Ed-damer City, Sudan.
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Sumia A. Nimir; Fatima M. Babiker; Gaafer A. Hamid
    Fruits play an important role in meeting daily dietary needs by providing essential vitamins, iron, calcium, potassium, and trace metals that serve as dietary supplements or function as crucial elements in hormones or enzymes at low concentrations. However, at high concentrations, these metals can become toxic and have harmful effects. This study aimed to detect the concentration levels of certain heavy metals in the most commonly consumed fruits in Sudan: banana, orange, guava, and lemon. These fruits were randomly collected from the market in Eddamer city. The samples were analyzed, and the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Pb were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). When compared with permissible levels established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO), the results showed an increase in some elements across most samples. Notably, high concentrations of Pb were observed in banana samples (1.00 mg/kg), oranges (0.81 mg/kg), guava (0.79 mg/kg), and lemon (0.53 mg/kg). The Cd concentrations in banana samples (0.23 mg/kg), oranges (0.28 mg/kg), and lemon (0.17 mg/kg) were also high, except in guava (0.05 mg/kg), which remained within the permissible limits set by WHO and SSMO. This elevated presence of Cd and Pb may be attributed to environmental pollution. In contrast, the concentrations of other elements, including Co, Cr, and Mn, were low in all samples, remaining within safe limits defined by WHO and SSMO. Overall, the study's findings are consistent with values reported in existing literature.
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    Homogeneity Test of Elemental Content in Agricultural Soil Reference Material Candidate Using ICP-MS
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Mohammed Salah Eldeen Elagib; Mohamed. A. H Eltayeb; Abu baker Mustafa Idreas
    The aim of any analytical measurement is to obtain accurate, reliable, and consistent data. Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) are vital in obtaining reliable results in various analytical fields such as environmental and medical studies. This paper discusses the production of an agricultural soil CRM candidate from the Al-Ahsa region, Saudi Arabia, using an ICP-MS instrument. The CRM is intended to be applied for quality assurance of toxicological and environmental analyses of soil matrices for some elements at macro, micro, and trace levels. This article demonstrates homogeneity tests as an essential parameter for CRMs. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the between-bottle homogeneity at a confidence interval of 95%. The p-values of all elements in this CRM candidate are > 0.05, indicating no significant variation in elemental concentration.
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    Modernizing Mental Healthcare through Artificial Intelligence
    (Napata College, 2024-08) Hassan. Osman; Bahga Hamed
    In this review article, we explore the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mental healthcare. Data was collected via searching for relevant data through the use of the search engines of Google Scholar and PubMed. In our search, we found that despite the unprecedented advancements manifested, AI is, as of this writing, still far from replacing human mental health practitioners, but can be of great aid to them. As it seems from the data collected, depression and anxiety are most likely to become the first psychiatric disorders that could be detected independently with AI.
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    Nurses’ Knowledge About Bedside Shift Reports In Critical Care Units In Governmental Hospitals– Khartoum State
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Manal Elgassim Mohamed; Kalthoum Ibrahim Yousif; Manal Mohammed Hassan Ahmed
    Background: The bedside shift report is a standardized procedure to facilitate the successful transfer of information between nurses using the SBAR tool for communication. This study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge about bedside shift reports in critical care units in governmental hospitals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study. The sample was collected from 179 nurses as total coverage from Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Ahmed Gasim Hospital, and Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital. A structured interview questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data from the participants. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20), and the results were displayed as tables and charts. Results: Most participants held a Bachelor's degree (79%). A significant portion of nurses had less than 2 years of experience (80%). Only 13% of nurses had attended training related to bedside shift reports. The findings highlighted significant gaps in overall knowledge of bedside shift reports among participants, with the majority having a fair (64%) level of knowledge. The study found a significant association between both educational qualifications and years of experience with knowledge of bedside shift reports (p-value 0.050 and p-value 0.020, respectively). However, no significant association was found between attendance at training courses and knowledge levels (p-value 0.318). Conclusion: The study underscores significant gaps in nurses' knowledge regarding bedside shift reports, highlighting the urgent need for improved training. Addressing these deficiencies is essential for enhancing communication, ensuring patient safety, and improving the quality of care during shift transitions.
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    Nurses’ Knowledge Towards Management of Asthmatic Patients at Alshaab Teaching Hospital -Khartoum State 2023
    (Napata College, 2024-08) Asawir Mohammed Ibrahim Ali; Mustafa Khider Elnimeir; Amal Badawi Bushra
    Background: Asthma is an episodic syndrome characterized by attacks of dyspnea, wheezing, and coughing. Nurses have an important role in care of asthmatic patients' so a proper knowledge about the disease is essential. Objective: To assess nurses' knowledge regarding the care of asthmatic patients Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Shaab Teaching Hospital. The sample size was 29 nurses , All nurses, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were interviewed. The data were collected using a standardized administered questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and were presented in the form of tables and figures. Results: The majority of the nurses aged between 20-30 years and about 75% of them were Bachelor holders as a basic qualification. Near half had less than two years' experience.82.8% had never attended any training course. 69% of nurses had good knowledge about asthma definition, while 72.4% of nurses had poor knowledge about asthma triggers. 65.6% of nurses had poor knowledge regarding the nursing management of asthma. There was a significant association between the overall knowledge of nurses and attendance of training courses (P value 0.03).
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    Production, Screening and Purification of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme (Actinokinase) from Streptomyces species
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Marvet Abdella Mohamed; Hassan Bashier Elamin; Motaz Nasir Hassan; Hanan Moawia Ibrahim
    Aim: Cardiovascular diseases associated with thrombosis are one of the main causes of death all around the world. Urokinase, streptokinase, and tissue plasminogen activator are the major thrombolytic agents used to treat thrombosis. The fact that these agents have several side effects and expensive, has driven researchers to search for safer and more economically viable compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of Streptomyces isolated from local soil to produce fibrinolytic enzyme. Materials and methods: Three hundred total of soil samples were collected from different areas in Sudan, the isolates were identified using molecular markers. The enzyme was extracted from fermentation broth. The extract was concentrated by precipitating with (30%- 90%) ammonium sulfate salt, the precipitate fractions were obtained by dialysis membrane and Sephadex G-75 gel permeation chromatography. The purified enzyme was characterized in term of pH, temperature and time of storage. The time of complete lysis of blood clot in-vitro was also calculated. Results: The study revealed that 68% of the isolates were positive for thermophilic Streptomyces sp. (41%) of the positive isolates could product actinokinase. Identification of the isolate confirmed it is a thermophilic Streptomyces megasporus. The pH had dropped toward acidic (5.7) at the fermentation broth as an indicator of successful actinokinase production. Purification of actinokinase could produce 5.7mg/mL of total protein, with a specific activity of 101U/mg-1 , and yield of (70%). The enzyme was stable at a broad range of pH ranging from 6 to 10, and had high thermostable activity at 37oC for 6 months. SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular mass of actinokinase was approximately 35 KDa. The enzyme kinetic revealed that the Vmax and Km, were found to be 8.02 µmol /ml/min and 0.56 µmol /ml/min, respectively. In vitro fibrin degradation showed that complete clot lysis was attained within 20 minutes. Conclusion The study findings indicated that the isolates Streptomyces from local soil in Sudan were capable of producing fibrinolytic enzyme actinokinase that specifically act on fibrin and could lyse blood clot within 20 minutes.
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    Proximate analysis of five plants species in Rangeland enclosures in Khartoum State, Sudan.
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Reem Ahmed Hamid
    The present study was designed to determine the nutritional values of five palatable and common species in 5 rangeland enclosures in Khartoum State during 2013-2015. Proximate analysis of three grasses belong to poaceae family (Aristida adscensionis, Schoenefeldia gracilis, Panicum turgidum and two were forbs belong to Zygophyllaceae family (Fagonia indica and Corchorus depressus) were determined by using standard methods that include (AOAC, 1990). The studied parameters were dry matter DM, CP, CF, ash content, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF and RFV. Fagonia indica and Panicum turgidum were the highest value of CP 3.205 and 3.150 respectively. Aristida adscensionis was the lowest CP value which was 2.400. Fagonia indica was the highest CF value which was 47.060, while Corchorus depressus was the lowest value which was 33.450. The highest EE 1.4 is recorded by Panicum turgidum while the lowest EE is recorded by Fagonia indica 1.26. Corchorus depressus reported the highest ash and NFE content 5.195 and 51.94 respectively. Fagonia indica was the lowest ash content and NFE 4.33 and 39.28 respectively. The highest NDF recorded by Fagonia indica 86.2 the lowest NDF is recorded by Corchorus depressus 84.2. The highest ADF recorded by Schoenefeldia gracilis 18.09, while the lowest ADF recorded by Fagonia indica 14.235. The highest RFV value is recorded by Corchorus depressus 85.060 and the lowest RFV was Schoenefeldia gracilis and Aristida adscensionis 83.100 and 83.205 respectively.
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    Socio-demographic Factors Influencing Teenage Pregnancy at Maternity Hospitals Khartoum State, Sudan, 2022.
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Manal Elzein Musa Ismail; Zeinab Abaker Ahmed; Mohamed Idriss Yahia Musa; Egbal Abbashar Algamr; Omer Abdalgabar
    Background: Teenage pregnancy remains an important and complex issue around the world, with reports indicating that Africa compared to other continents. Studies have indicated that key factors such as age, educational level, economic status, and family structure significantly influence teenage pregnancy incidence. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to reduce teenage pregnancies in the region. Objectives: To study Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Teenage Pregnancy. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study carried out in two specialized maternity hospitals in Khartoum State. 240 participants were selected through systematic sampling method. Data were collected using a standardized interview questionnaire, analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, and presented in tables and figures. Results: The study revealed that a majority of participants got married between the ages of 14-16, with a lower percentage having higher education levels. Only one-third of the participants completed secondary education 45% of participants' parents were divorced, while 8.3% were separated. There was a statistically significant association between education level, family history of teenage pregnancy, and causes of teenage pregnancy (p-value = 0.00). Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is influenced by a complex interplay of socio-demographic factors. Key predictors include age, marital status, education, socio-economic status, contraceptive use, early sexual activity, and community influences.
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    The Awareness and patients concern about the Root Canal Treatment among Dental Patients at Military Dental Hospital, Omdurman-Sudan in 2019.
    (Napata College, 2024-12) Dalia Ahmed Gasm El Seed; Mohamed Elwathig; Abubaker Mergny
    Background Root canal treatment (RCT) is the main way nowadays to save precious natural teeth in the oral cavity. The clinical decision-making process for root canal treatment depends on several factors. Some of these factors are related to the dentist's experience, and most are related to the patient, such as the patient's concerns. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness and patients' concerns about root canal treatment among dental patients in a military dental hospital. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was done by convenience methods from 300 dental patients. Data was collected using a selfadministered questionnaire consisting of their awareness about endodontic treatment, previous experiences, possible concerns, and treatment cost. Result: When the patients' responses were analyzed regarding endodontic treatment, it was found that 58.7% had experience of root canal treatment in the past. Spontaneous toothache was considered the most common symptom that indicated root canal treatment, and 84.7% of the participants considered RCT as a painful procedure. Regarding the important thing that makes patients concerned about root canal treatment, 48.7% were concerned about long treatment time, 33.6% about treatment cost, 10.1% about treatment after pain, and 7.7% about breaking the file during treatment. 77% got the information about RCT from their family and friends. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that a high percentage of patients (48.7%) were concerned about long treatment time, followed by RCT cost and treatment after pain. 80% of patients prefer to save their tooth when RCT was indicated, while 57% extracted their tooth rather than do root canal treatment when the cost was high. 69% of the participants thought that antibiotics cannot resolve the endodontic infection without the need to visit the dentist, and 90.3% of the participants were aware of the complications that may occur during root canal treatment.
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    The chemical composition of compounds in Lepidium sativum seeds, sourced from two different origins and extracted using two non-polar solvents, and analyzed using GC/MS
    (Napata College, 2024-08) Gamalat Ahmed Osman; Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali
    The objective of this research was to explore the compounds present in the n-hexane and petroleum ether extracts of Lepidium sativum seeds obtained from two different sources (Sudan and Saudi Arabia) using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) technique. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples was carried out using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The major constituents identified in the n-hexane extract of the Sudan sample were cisvaccenic acid (17.03%), 9-octadecenamide, (Z)- (13.03%), gamma-sitosterol (10.14%), betatocopherol (7.845%), o-cymene (4.30%), and 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (4.091%). The major phytochemical constituents identified in the petroleum ether extract of the Sudan sample were gamma-sitosterol (14.09%), beta-tocopherol (12.10%), 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (11.82%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), methyl ester (8.40%), and tributyl acetyl citrate (8.26%). The major phytochemical constituents identified in the n-hexane extract of the Saudi sample were gamma-sitosterol (13.38%), beta-tocopherol (10.92%), 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (6.26%), octadecanoic acid (6.21%), butylphosonic acid, di(4-octyl) ester (6.17%), and campesterol (6.00%). The major phytochemical constituents identified in the petroleum ether extract of the Saudi sample were gammaterpinene (26.86%), o-cymene (25.52%), thymol (12.76%), beta-tocopherol (6.88%), beta-pinene (6.01%), and gamma-sitosterol (5.73%).
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    The Flora and Fauna in Eastern Nile Locality at Khartoum State
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Reem A. Hamid; Alawia A. Elawad; Elfatih E. Mahgoub
    The present study is the pioneer that document the biodiversity of the Eastern Nile Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan including five range enclosures. The main objective of the present study is to document the natural vegetation status and floristic, faunal composition in five rangeland enclosures namely Abozaid (15° 46′ 928″, 32°88′549″) Wadtbar (15° 42′ 846″,33°06′552″), Elhedabab (15° 42′ 893″, 33°002′ 36″), Salamat Wad Niel (15° 652′ 680″, 33°25′ 928″) and Seyal Elfaki Saad (15° 54′ 976″, 33°20′ 724″) in Eastern Nile Locality, Khartoum State, and to provide a recent species list. The quantitative assessment of the flora in the five enclosures was determined by measurement of density, abundance, frequency, relative density, relative abundance, relative frequency and importance value index. On each of the five enclosures 9 plots were selected and the measurements were taken for 3 consecutive years. Nineteen plants were encountered during the survey. The results revealed that the herbaceous cover is dominated by Aristida adscensionis in four of the five studied enclosures while in Elhedabab enclosure Schoenefeldia gracilis is the most dominant species. Standard collection and identification methods were used for both plants and animals. During the study period, a total of 33 plant species, representing 27 genera from 14 families, in 11 orders were recorded. Poaceae had the highest contribution; followed by Fabaceae and Zygophyllaceae. The flora comprises a variety of life-forms; most are theophytes. The majority of the plant species have important ethnobotanical uses. From the collected plant 24 species are fodders grazed or browsed by wild animals and domestic livestock and 24 species are used for medicinal purposes. Almost all plant parts are economically used. The wild faunal survey results indicated the presence of 16 species two of which are reptiles, belonging to 1order falling within 2 families. The avifauna consisted of nine species, falling in seven families within 4 orders. While the observed mammals were 5 species, falling in 5 families. Owing to the results produced by the present study, which represents the base for further ecological studies, there is an urgent need for monitoring and conserving the biodiversity in the Eastern Nile Locality.
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    The Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan: The Distorted Educational System
    (Napata College, 2024-04) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Eman Kheir; Omer A. Gibreel; Samah Elnour Khalifa; Maha Yahia Suliman; Sawsan M.Almekkawi
    Introduction: On 15 April 2023, Battles initially broke out in the capital city, Khartoum, after the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) militia, which used to be under the command of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), rebelled. During such a disaster, Sudanese people are expected to reconsider their life priorities, with education coming down after safety and food supply. This, in turn, will result negatively in children's learning outcomes with probable deterioration and or reduction in educational achievement. A report released by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research on 28 August 2023 stated that the vandalism affected all 104 higher education and scientific research institutions in Khartoum and several other states. Methodology: This commentary relies on reports from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, along with recent journal articles discussing the consequences of ongoing conflicts. Personal observations as staff in universities contribute to the insights, and data from the students and colleges illuminate the struggles faced by them. Results: The war resulted in the widespread destruction of educational infrastructure, leaving more than 600,000 higher education students uncertain about their academic future. The universities started searching for solutions to overcome the catastrophe and find ways to support their students and staff. Conclusions: The conflict in Sudan disproportionately impacts education, causing disruptions in whole educational process in Sudan. Urgent international intervention is needed to cease the conflict and ensure the safety of higher education and scientific research institutions facilities, and support will be needed for the students, higher education staff and researchers.
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