Physiology

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    Normal values of Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in nondiabetic adults
    (2017-10) Ibrahim A Ali; Mazin S Abdalla; Omer A Musa
    Background:At present, there are no studies done to investigate the normal values of Hb A1c in Sudanese population. The level of Hb A1c for Sudanese population is borrowed from international references. Objectives: The objective of this article is to investigate the normallevels of Hb A1c, and the factors that may affect its value. Methods: Extensive internet search has been done on research regarding the normal values of Hemoglobin A1c and factors affecting themin non-diabetic Adults. Result: Normal level of Hb A1cobtained from all previous studies showed a value of 3.6% as minimum and 6.5 % as maximum value. Significant racial/ethnic differences in Hb A1clevelswere observed;these differences are significantly higher in people fromAfrican descent than inCaucasians. Discussion: Hb A1cis influenced by many risk factors; these include BMI,physical activity, age, ethnicity, diet and smoking. Conclusion: Normal level of Hb A1c from all previous studies showed a value of 3.6% as minimum and 6.5 % as maximum value and seemed to be affected by many risk factors.
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    Fatal familial insomnia
    (2018-02) Hassan I. Osman; Mazin. S. Abdalla
    The genetic scope of diseases is getting wider every day. With the advancement of knowledge and the ever growing entanglement between different branches of science, the diagnosis of prion-caused diseases is becoming easy. However, the devastating outcome of these diseases such as the eventual death in the case of FFI is not. Rare as it may be, FFI is just as dangerous as any other disease; this is mainly due to its fatal outcome. FFI is an autosomal dominant prion disease; the mutation is in the protein gene (PRNP) D178N/129.According to our knowledge, no cases have been reported in Sudan. This may be explained by the misdiagnosis as the symptoms are shared by many neurological diseases.
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    Basic Pharmacology of NG -Nitro – L – Arginine Methyl Ester
    (2019-01-30) Muhanad S. Abdelwahab; Mukhallad A. M. Mohammed; H. M. Abdelwhab; Mazin S. Abdalla Mohamed; Mansour Abdelgader Bellal
    NG – Nitro- L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a synthetic drug in which a quanidino is substituted for L-arginine analoques. It is a competitive enzyme inhibitor which inhibits nitric oxide synthase, hence, decreasing nitric oxide production [1].
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    Cardiac Myosin Heavy Chains
    (2019-02-12) Muhanad S. Abdelwahab; Mukhallad Am. Mohamemed; Abdelwahab Hassan Mohamed; Mansour Abdelgader Bellal; Mazin S. Abdalla Mohamed
    Myosin is defined as a mechano-enzyme molecule which converts the chemical energy stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into mechanical energy (muscle contraction). Moreover, the cardiac muscle has different types of myosin heavy chain when it separated with the one dimensional electrophoresis; in addition to their structural difference cardiac myosin isozymes have different contractile functions.
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    Angiotensin 1-7: A Second Window of Protection in Hypertensive Patients
    (2019-04-18) Mazin Salaheldin Abdalla Mohamed; Muntaser Ibrahim; Muhanad S. Abdelwhab
    The effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the human body are so diverse and our knowledge about them is ever growing. Angiotensin 1-7 has been proven to play protective roles in patients with cardiovascular disorders including but not limited to hypertension. As is the case with Africa, the prevalence of hypertension in Sudan is rising, and its complications could be delayed by pharmacologically manipulating the levels of renin-angiotensin system metabolites. The aim of this review is to compare the advantageous and deleterious effects of Angiotensin 2 in contrast to those of Angiotensin 1-7 and to assert the well-established protective effects of Angiotensin 1-7 (systemically and locally) in hypertensive patients
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    Effect of physical activity status and dietary habits on pulmonary functions
    (2019-11-21) Asim Alaaeldin Osman; Bader Eldeen Hassan Ibrahim
    Background: There is a widely recognized fact that people who are more physically active and have healthy dietary habits tend to have a higher degree of fitness and physical activity that can promote respiratory health, which increases the efficiency of pulmonary function. Objective: The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of physical activity, physical inactivity, and dietary habits on pulmonary function. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during the period from August to December 2017, at the Faculty of Medicine, Omdurman Al-Ahlia University, Omdurman, Sudan. The study included 207 medical students (100 males–107 females) between the ages of 15 and 25 years. The smoker and the asthmatic were excluded. Pulmonary function test (PFT) was measured by using digital portable spirometer and peak flowmeter instruments. Arab Teens Lifestyle Study questionnaire was used for the determination of physical activity status and dietary habits. Results: Data analysis showed that PFT parameters were statistically significantly higher in males than females (p-value 0.000). PFT parameters were significantly higher in active subjects (p-value 0.003), while the physical inactivity does not affect the PFT parameters. In addition, PFT parameters were significantly positively correlated with many physical activity types. PFT parameters were significantly negatively correlated with many foods stuff. PFT parameters were significantly positively correlated to height, weight, sum of metabolic equivalent, and age. Conclusion: Our study concluded that physical activity and regular exercise improve the pulmonary function, and sedentary lifestyle has no direct effect on pulmonary function. Foodstuff with high fiber content was better than low fiber content for pulmonary function.
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    Relationship of Body Mass Index with Blood Pressure Levels Among Sudanese Adults Living in Khartoum State
    (Medwell, 2020) Mazin S. Abdalla; Ibrahim A. Ali; Azza M. Bashir; Omer A. Musa
    The blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) has been found to increase with increased weight. This relationship is well advocated in many solid researches around the world. However, the relationship does not account to a cause and effect relation, the increment in the body weight may only raise the risk of increasing blood pressure. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the body mass index and blood pressure levels in healthy Sudanese population residing in Khartoum state. A cross sectional study was conducted during July-August, 2016 in Khartoum state on a sample size of 200 subjects adult males/females of ages between 20-60 years and who were not known to be hypertensive. All the participants were assessed by a questionnaire covering age, gender, physical activity, daily salt intake and smoking history. Blood pressure was measured using the manual sphygmomanometer. Weight was measure using the standard scale. BMI was calculated according to the formula Weight (kg)/[height (m)]2. Correlations between the variables were estimated and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There is a significant positive relationship between the BMI and the systolic blood pressure (p = 0.01), the statistical analysis also showed a significant positive relationship between the BMI and the diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.01). This study has demonstrated that the association between the body mass index and the blood pressure is significant. However, further studies on a larger sample size is required, so as to establish a mathematical formula to predict the blood pressure given the body mass index. There is positive correlation between systolic, diastolic blood pressure and BMI. Increased blood pressure was seen in individuals with higher BMI when compared with individuals with lower BMI.
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    Effect of Chronic Water-Pipe/Shisha Smoking on Lung Function Tests Compared to Cigarette Smoking Among Sudanese Adult Males Living in Khartoum State
    (Jouf University, 2020-06-01) Mohamedelmogtaba E. A. Elzain; Ibrahim A. Ali; Mazin S. Abdalla; Omer A. Musa
    Background: Shisha/Water-pipe (WP) smoke contains large quantities of flavored nicotine, and fine and ultrafine particulate matter. These components are well known to be hazardous to the lungs and can affect the pulmonary function. Tobacco smoking researches and control efforts have generally been focused on traditional cigarettes, while little research exists on WP smoking. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the effects of chronic WP smoking compared to cigarette smoking on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in Sudanese adult males. Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 100 adult males aging 30 - 60 years. They were comprised of 40 WP smokers, 40 cigarette smokers, and, 20 WP and cigarette smokers. PFTs [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and, FEV1/FVC ratio), were measured by the electronic spirometer that consider the participant's height. The data was compared with published reference normal values for Sudanese corrected for age, sex and height. Results: All of the measured PFTs in cigarette and WP smokers were lower than the expected normal values. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio of cigarette smokers group was 88 ± 3.7, for WP group was 87 ± 4.0 and for smokers of both cigarette and WP was 82 ± 3.2. The latter was significantly lower than the other two groups (P <0.005). Conclusions: WP smoking has a greater deleterious effect than cigarettes smoking on PFTs particularly when combined with cigarette smoking. More measures should be instituted to combat shisha tobacco smoking, as it is more damaging along with its known potential to transmit diseases due to its reuse and group use.
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    Commotio Cordis: Introduction, Overview and Literature Review
    (IJRP.ORG, 2022) Hassan I. Osman; Rudaina I. Osman
    Defined as a “blunt nonpenetrating trauma to the chest resulting in irregular heart rhythm and often leading to sudden death” [1], Commotio Cordis (CC) (also known as cardiac concussion [3]) is a topic that has intrigued the interest of many cardiologists, ED physicians, Sports physicians and scientists. Another lovely definition of CC is: “Sudden cardiac death as a result of a seemingly innocent chest blow” [7] Most impacts associated with CC occur in competitive sport settings, confrontations which evolve into violence and “recreational activities” are also another site where CC is possible [2]. We recommend the installment of protective measures in the manner described below. Numerous theories abound as to how and why CC occurs; these are discussed below. In conclusion, we wish to inform first respondents, coaches (who regularly happen to be at the site of CC occurrence, emergency physicians and cardiologists of the possibility of the occurrence of CC in addition to how to manage such situations if they do abound.
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    Locked-in Syndrome: Introduction, Overview and Literature Review
    (2022) Hassan I. Osman
    The following is a review article discussing a syndrome so rare that we infrequently study, discuss or acknowledge its existence. With that being said, we also challenge the previous statement by proposing en masse misdiagnosis of the condition in healthcare facilities.