Effect of Chronic Water-Pipe/Shisha Smoking on Lung Function Tests Compared to Cigarette Smoking Among Sudanese Adult Males Living in Khartoum State
Effect of Chronic Water-Pipe/Shisha Smoking on Lung Function Tests Compared to Cigarette Smoking Among Sudanese Adult Males Living in Khartoum State
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Date
2020-06-01
Authors
Mohamedelmogtaba E. A. Elzain
Ibrahim A. Ali
Mazin S. Abdalla
Omer A. Musa
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Jouf University
Abstract
Background: Shisha/Water-pipe (WP) smoke contains large quantities of flavored nicotine, and fine and ultrafine particulate matter. These components are well known to be hazardous to the lungs and can affect the pulmonary function. Tobacco smoking researches and control efforts have generally been focused on traditional cigarettes, while little research exists on WP smoking.
Objectives: This study was designed to assess the effects of chronic WP smoking compared to cigarette smoking on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in Sudanese adult males.
Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 100 adult males aging 30 - 60 years. They were comprised of 40 WP smokers, 40 cigarette smokers, and, 20 WP and cigarette smokers. PFTs [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and, FEV1/FVC ratio), were measured by the electronic spirometer that consider the participant's height. The data was compared with published reference normal values for Sudanese corrected for age, sex and height.
Results: All of the measured PFTs in cigarette and WP smokers were lower than the expected normal values. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio of cigarette smokers group was 88 ± 3.7, for WP group was 87 ± 4.0 and for smokers of both cigarette and WP was 82 ± 3.2. The latter was significantly lower than the other two groups (P <0.005).
Conclusions: WP smoking has a greater deleterious effect than cigarettes smoking on PFTs particularly when combined with cigarette smoking. More measures should be instituted to combat shisha tobacco smoking, as it is more damaging along with its known potential to transmit diseases due to its reuse and group use.
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Elzain MEA, Ali IA, Abdalla MS, Musa OA. Effect of chronic water-pipe/shisha smoking on lung function tests compared to cigarette smoking among Sudanese adult males living in Khartoum State. JUMJ, 2020, June 1, 7(2):27-34.
Elzain, M.E., Ali, I.A., Abdalla, M.S. and Musa, O.A., Effect of Chronic Water-Pipe/Shisha Smoking on Lung Function Tests Compared to Cigarette Smoking Among Sudanese Adult Males Living in Khartoum State.
Elzain, M.E., Ali, I.A., Abdalla, M.S. and Musa, O.A., Effect of Chronic Water-Pipe/Shisha Smoking on Lung Function Tests Compared to Cigarette Smoking Among Sudanese Adult Males Living in Khartoum State.