Pharmacy

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    Comparative in Vitro Quality Evaluation of Two Brands Of Folic Acid 5mg Tablets available at Sudan
    (Napata College, 2022) Alromysa Ibrahim Alfadol; Tasabeeh Mohammed Mustafa; Omnia AL Rasheed Grip Allah; Razan Adel Altayeb Abdalgader
    Folic acid is the synthetic version of the vitamin folate, also known as vitamin B9. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmaceutical quality of the Folic acid tablets dispensed in sudan. Two different brands of immediate release Folic acid tablets were tested for weight variation , hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution. The result showed all marketed products comply with established limit.
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    Comparative Quality Control Study of two immediat release Brands of Diclofenac Potasium Tablets 50mg in vetro testing
    (Napata College, 2021) Thuwaiba saad Hamza; Eman sidig; Rashida Elssir Murgani
    Diclofenac potassium is a well known representative of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, widely used to control pain and inflammation of rheumatic and non-rheumatic origin. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmaceutical quality of the Diclofenac potassium tablets dispensed in sudan. Two different brands of immediat release Diclofenac Potassium tablets were purchased from pharmacies. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of these Diclofenac Potasium tablets were assessed according to established methods. The results of weight variation , hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution test of all marketed products comply with established limit. The diclofenac tablet, A exhibited highest hardness up to 8.82 compared to B tablet. However, tablet A showed highest % of friability up to 1.47 compared to B tablet.
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    Effect of Garlic juice on Cholesterol Level in Albino Rats
    (Napata College, 2022) Nibras Yahya Adam Abdalla; Ola Salah Mohammed Alhassan; Ragda Ahmed Abdalla Ahmed; Tibyan Abdallah Ali Almahi
    The main objective of this research work is to investigate the effect of garlic in changing the cholesterol level in albino rats. 18 rats were sub divided into 3 groups (each group contain 6 rats ) ,then groups are control group, statin group and garlic group. Control group of rats is administered a normal diet, group two rats were administered high cholesterol diet with one ml of prepared statin daily for one month Group 3 rats were administered to high cholesterol diet with 1 ml of prepared garlic juice daily for one month. Then after one month blood was collected from each rat separately and the cholesterol level was investigated by colorimeter. We found the garlic juice affect mainly Triglyceride level , 105mg/dl in normal group to 50.5mg/dl in garlic group and 117.5mg/dl in statin group. We recommend for further investigate the garlic effect on HDL and LDL levels.
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    Essential Oil from Eucalyptus camaldulensis: GC MS Profile, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties
    (Napata College, 2023) Alhadi Amir Ibrahim Ahmed; Almoiz mustafa hassan abdalla; Hazim abdalrhman osman salih; Nemat altayeb yousif mohammed
    Background: Natural plants as herbal remedies are being employed to prevent and cure several illnesses that vary in different community. Medicines had been explored from leaves, flowers and barks of plants. Continuous spread of infectious diseases is a major problem worldwide. Due to multiple and repeated issues with antibiotics efficacy, it became essential to evaluate biological properties of plants from different geographical origins. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Family: Myrtaceae) leaves have been reported for various medicinal effects like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidant. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to determine the chemical composition and evaluation of two pharmacological activities; antimicrobial and antioxidant of E.camaldulensis essential oil. Methods: Essential oil was obtained by steam distillation method. And subjected to GC-MS to determine the active constituents. Antimicrobial activity applied with disc diffusion method whereas antioxidant activity was performed through DPPH assay. Result: GC-MS results of the pale yellow essential oil revealed a total of seventeen compounds which identified and representing 99.0% of the total oils. The major constituents of the oil were; Eucalyptol (34.15 %), P-Cymene (22.07%), (-) Globulol(9.14%),1H-Cycloprop[e]azulene, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-m (8.17%), gamma.-Terpinene(5.60%). Antimicrobial activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains exhibited a good inhibition zone which ranged between 44 to 8mm at 12.5, 25 and50 30 μg/mL oil, whereas C. albicana obtained 40 to 12 at the same concentrations. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a weak activity (58±0.01) this inhibition is lower than that obtained by the standarad Propyl gallate (92±0.0). Conclusion: The important role that E.camaldulensis plant play in folk medicine has led us to develop this study in order to investigate the major pharmacological activities, so this plant can be used in future as a valuable source of pharmacologically active antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
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    Investigation of Fixed and essential oils from Abelmoschus esculentus seeds extract and Assessment of their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities
    (Napata College, 2021) Gurashi Abdelwahid Alhaj; Mariam Abdelmonem Abdallah; Ali Gasmalla Salem Ahmed
    Plants and plants derived materials represent the basis of many traditional medicine systems as Ayurvedic, Kampo, and many others that have been used successfully for healing ailments over millennia. Okra seed appears to be a good source of oil (20-40%) and rich (60-70%) in unsaturated fatty acid, especially oleic (20.3%) and linoleic acid (44.4%) as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential for human nutrition. The results further showed that the seed oil has a good Antioxidant and anti-Microbial activity against some species of bacteria.
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    Knowledge, attitude and practice to words COVET 19 vaccine among Sudanese population, Khartoum 2021
    (Napata College, 2021)
    This study aimed to investigate community attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations. Our study present insights regarding the willingness of community and this will better provide insights to address barriers to widespread COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and to ensure that community attitudes must be positive towards vaccine. General objective: To study the community attitudes, and perception toward covid-19 vaccinations. Specific objective: To Study perceptions, attitudes of communities that may have significant concerns and questions about COVID-19 vaccines.To study side effect concern of communities regarding COVID-19 vaccine. To determine the significance of difference in knowledge and perception of COVID- 19 with socio-demographic characteristics. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, as this study is a cross-sectional, descriptive, community-based study. The researcher reached the following results: Most of the participants are concerned about the side effects of the vaccine. Most participants do not know that the vaccine will stop the infection. Most of the participants do not believe in the conspiracy theory about taking the vaccine. There is a significant association between knowledge and Education level, People with university education level had good attitude compared to pre- university educated. There is significant association between side effect concern and educational level of different participants, People with university education level had good knowledge regarding side effects concern compared to pre-university educated. The researcher also recommends the following: Health promotion programs to improve knowledge and address misconceptions will be a key measure to improve preparedness for vaccine uptake. Government and NGO interventions to ensure free or subsidized vaccine availability, along with a health promotion intervention, will ensure high vaccine coverage.
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    NEONATAL JAUNDICE; PREVALENC AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTOR AS SEEN IN OMDURMAN MATERNITY HOSPITAL
    (Napata College, 2021) Aisha Adam Saad; Rafa Alhadry Ali; Hibatallah Bdraldeen Altegani
    Background and objectives: Neonatal jaundice affects one in two infants globally. The jaundice is the result of an accumulation of bilirubin as fetal hemoglobin is metabolized by the immature liver. High serum levels of bilirubin result in lethargy, poor feeding and kernicterus of the infant. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal jaundice and to explore its associated risk factors and management Materials and methods: This institution based cross-sectional study was conducted to at neonatal intensive care unit of Omdurman Maternity Hospital during first 6 months of 2019. A sample of 102 neonates was selected for the study purpose. The data was collected using a data collection sheet. Data was analyzed using SPSS v24. Results: The majority of the mothers (64.7%) were from urban areas, 82.7% of the births took place in a health facility, and 50% gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). Mothers were mostly (44.1%) of type AB blood group. The majority of the neonates were males (53.9%). 66.7% were born at 37-42 weeks. The major treatment for increased serum bilirubin were IVIg (48%) and phototherapy (29.4%). The Serum bilirubin levels were high at 10-22 5mg/dl. Having mothers from rural areas (p=0.00), multiple pregnancies(p=0.00), born at home (p=0.01) and caesarean section delivery (p=0.02) were positively associated with neonatal jaundice. Conclusion: Place of living, multiple pregnancy, place of delivery, and mode of delivery were associated with neonatal jaundice. IVIg and phototherapy were the major treatments for neonatal jaundice. The study recommended provision of access to prenatal and postnatal services, particularly in rural areas, and use of phototherapy as the initial therapy to treat hyperbilirubinemia.
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    PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXADANT a n d ANTIMICROBIAL OF Calotropis procera (AIT.) LEAVES
    (Napata College, 2021) Omer Bashir Khlefa; Shaza Eltayeb Mohammed; Muzdalifah Abdellah Abdrazig
    The world is fertile with natural and medicinal plants, which are now more focused than ever, because they have the capability of producing many benefits to society, indeed to mankind, especially in the line of medicine and pharmacology. The medicinal power of these plants lie in phytochemical constituents that cause definite pharmacological actions on the human body. Calotropis procera (Ait.) leaves, from Asclepiadaceae family is a medicinal plant, which has been used for centuries as a traditional medicinal plant in different countries. This study aimed to the determination of chemical composition and evaluation of two pharmacological activities; antioxidant, and antimicrobial. Macerated methanolic extract was prepared.and then Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy profiling was done.GC-MS revealed a total of eleven compounds which were identified in the methanolic extract ranging from fatty acids and alkane compounds. The major constituents were– Phytol (26.60%), Tridecanoic acid (22.07%), and 9-Hexadecenoic acid(17.50%). The antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract was screened using DPPH assay, and compared with Propyl gallate as standard. Methanolic extract showed significant scavenging activity (46±0.00), but revealed percentage inhibition lower than that obtained by Propyl gallate (92±0.01). The disc diffusion method was employed to explore the antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extract agamicrobs ,the extract proved to be an efficient antimicrobial agent. The highest zone of inhibition observed was 19 mm obtained by P.aeruginosa ,whereas the less effective was against B.subtillis (12mm)at the concentration 10%,with the Staandard deviation(1.414) The important role that C.procera plants play in folk medicine has led us to develop this study in order to investigate the major pharmacological activities, so this plant can be used in future as a valuable source of pharmacologically active antioxidants, antimicrobial agents.
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    Phytochemicals Composition And Antimicrobial activity, Of Allium Satvium (Clove) [garic]
    (Napata College, 2021) Hind Alhady Omer Mohammed; MontasirAbdAlbasit Hassan Ahamed
    Allium sativum L. belongs to family Liliaceae, has been used as a medicine through ancient and modern time to prevent and treat a wide range of conditions, diseases and tumors due to presence of phenolic compounds and volatile oils which contains sulfur atom in their chemical structures ,and the major antibiotic ALLICIN(unstable) which proven to has an antimicrobial effect against the pathogenic bacteria,parasites, viruses and fungi. This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical composition of the macerated ethanolic extract of the garlic pulp using GC-MS technique and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains usig disc diffusion method,. GC-MS revealed a total of (16)… compounds which were identified in the ethanolic extract ranging from terpenes, essential oils, , phenolic compounds, esters, and others. The major constituents were; Diallyldisulphide (14.26%) 17.34 %) ,1,2,3- thiadiazole,5-methyl- (4.24%, 5.91%) and Trisulfide,di-2-propnyl (19.84%, 14.36% ) respectively. Then the disc diffusion methods was employed to explore the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract against four pathogenic bacterial strains S. aureus ,B.subtillis , P. aeruginosa , E. coli , C . Albican, The zone of inhibition observed was 10.5 – 13.5 mm at higher Concentration for used .
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    Polyvinylpyrrolidone Superdisintegrant: The Effect of Mode of Incorporation on Disintegration Time in Both Wet and Dry Granulated Tablets
    (Napata College, 2023) Mona Alshareef Almiski; Marwa Sami Mohammed; Fatima Mohammed Ali; Shadia Abdallah Izzeldin
    Introduction: Superdisintegrats are used in tablets and capsules to ensure a faster breakdown into their primary particles facilitating the dissolution and release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Objective: To estimate the effect of PVP as superdisintegrant and its mode of incorporation on the disintegration time for both wet and dry granulated tablets. To decide which granulation method and incorporation mode is the best in decreasing disintegration time. Method: for both wet and dry granulated tablets formtion, three batches of placebo tablets were formulated for each. The PVP superdisintegrant were incorporated extragranulary, intragranulary and partly intraextragranulary. Then, formulations were compressed and tablets were subjected to disintegration time test. Results and conclusion: the results indicate that PVP exerts a great influence in tablets disintegration time when incorporated as superdisintegrant in wet granulated tablets. The partly intraextragranular mode achieved the best disintegration time in comparison to other modes
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    The effects of salvia officinalis extract on modulating blood glucose levels in albino Rat
    (Napata College, 2022) Eman Mohamed Alamin Ab b ass; Israa Adel Amer Mohamed; Rula Ali Ahmed Mohamed; Rzaz Alamin Bashir nogod; zuhaira Mahmud Ali
    This study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of aqueous and methanol extract of salvia officinalis in glucose induced hyperglycemic rat (in vivo). Twenty rat were divided into four group each group contains five rats, each rat treated with glucose solution 1 g/kg body weight (glucose 50%) orally. Group I consider as control group, group II treated with glibenclamide, group III was treated by aqueous extract, group IV was treated by methanol extract and the blood glucose level was evaluated in time 0,30,60,120and 240 and recorded after that the result was analyzed and comparative with control group and group treated by glibenclamide using glucometer. During oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) aqueous extract of s. Officinalis leaves at 500 mg/kg doses clearly reduced blood glucose level in albino rat with percentage decrease of 64% as compared to standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) with percentage decrease of 75%. Methanol extraction 500mg/dl dose have the least percentage of decrease (32%) even less than control group 39%. These outcomes suggest that aqueous extract possess a hypoglycemic principle can be useful for the treatment of diabetes.
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    Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Sudan
    (Napata College, 2021) Abdulaziz Al-bashir Yousif; Mahgoub Mohammed Elhassan Faragalla; Einass Ezzeldeen Syed Taha
    Background: Vaccine hesitancy is a complex public health issue referring to concerns about the safety, efficacy or need for vaccination. There is a huge gap of information about the vaccine hesitancy, beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Sudan. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to filling this gap by investigating the perception and awareness of Sudanese towards the intake of COVID-19 vaccine and determine the underpinning believes. Materials and Methods: An online, cross-sectional, and self-administered questionnaire was instrumentalized to survey adult participants from Sudan on the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine. Results: Total of participants were 369, (133 were males and 236 were females). The public acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines was (64.4%) in Sudan. Vaccination (“Accept” and “Not accept”) to COVID-19 vaccine was predicting through a logistic regression model (Y=2.963+0.641*Agegroups+0.147*Gender+0.484*Educationallevel+0.070*Area+0.449*Chronic illness-0.071*Belief score (%)). The model revealed that Belief score (%) was statistically significant with p-value of respectively 0.210, 0.617, 0.307and 0.295. The area of living was not value of 0.000001. Age, gender, education level and chronic illness despite their contribution to the model were not statistically significant (p=0.885) and contribution to the model was minimum with 0.070. Conclusions: A high prevalence of refusal and hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccination in Sudanese population was observed in the study. The safety concern seemed to be the main reason for the unwillingness to accept vaccines.