Issue 1

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    A Review of Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the Sudan from 1902 to 2020
    (Napata College, 2022-04) Z. N. Mahmoud; R. M. Abdalla
    Background This review was conducted from 1996 to 2020 aiming to compile the findings of parasites of freshwater fishes of Sudan in a single document. Methods The present review was based on 105 scientific paper, 3 conferences abstracts, 3 graduation dissertation, 7 master and 2 Ph.D. theses, one unpublished reports, 10 books, and one technical report. The work covered the period from 1902 to 2020. Results Some thousands of freshwater fish specimens were examined for their ecto-parasites and/or endo-parasites. Fifty-eight fish species were reported infected and 162 parasitic species including 32 new species were collected. The parasites found were three bacterial and three fungal species collected from Oreochromis niloticus. From 10 species of fish, 19 protozoans were described. From 10 species of fish, 22 Monogenean species were found including 7 new species. One new Aspidogastrean species was collected from Labeobarbus bynni. From 29 fish species 23 Digenean species were collected including five new ones. From 41 species of fish, 44 species of cestodes parasites were collected including 11 species new to science. Twenty parasitic Nematodes species including seven new ones were collected from 32 fish species. From 12 fish species 9 Crustacean were described. Nine Acanthocephalans including one new species from Ichthyborus besse were collected from 11 fish species. Co-infection was observed. Conclusions: The collected parasites included 31 new species to science. One new subfamily Sandonellinae from Heterotis niloticus was erected; and 10 new genera, Brevicaecum, Sandonia, Afromacroderoides (Digenea); Wenyonia, Sandonella, Amirthalingamia, Barsonella lafoni (Cestoda) and Dichelyne, Nilonema, (Nematoda) were described. Revision of parasitic species designated as CithariniellaTrypanosoma type 1, 2, 3; Dactylogyrus species type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Dogielius sp. 1;Amplicaecum type 1 and Amplicaecum type 2; Contracaecum sp. Third stage-larvae Type 2; Procamallanustype 1, 2, 3 and those parasites identified to the genus level should be given due attention. Some recommendations for further research were offered
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    Book Review
    (Napata College, 2022-04)
    The Sudan Manual for Medical Emergencies is a compact and wide-ranging handbook that is meant for practicing and student physicians handing acute and critical medical and psychiatric patients. A group of experts contributed to the Manual by putting together updated international guidelines as well as standard of care practices. It also includes comprehensive and illustrative diagrams in addition to an index of included drugs to aid with quick reference. Attempts have been made at providing different patient lifesaving approaches whenever optimal ways are unavailable.
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    Genetic variation among Sudanese Leishmania donovani origin and evolution
    (Napata College, 2022-04) S.H. Hamad; A.M. Musa; E.A.G. Khalil
    Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease, with an increasing incidence of two million cases per year, and 350 million people from 88 countries at risk. The causative agents are species of Leishmania, a protozoan flagellate. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated, is caused by species of the Leishmania donovani complex. These species are morphologically indistinguishable but have been identified by molecular methods. This study aimed to explore intra specific diversity among Sudanese L. donovani strains and compare it to Ethiopian and Indian strains. Methods: In this study Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to detect intra specific diversity for the Leishmania donovani in ninety five L.donovani isolates collected from eastern Sudan. Results& Discussion: this study found three different genotypes of Sudanese strains. The similarity between Sudanese strains and Ethiopian and Indian reference strains was measured. Diversity among Sudanese genotypes and the detection of one genotype closely related to the Indian and Ethiopian genotype: led to an evolutionary hypothesis for the origin and dispersal of the species. This proposes that the genus Leishmania may have originated in eastern Sudan. Conclusion: Leishmania donovani isolates from Sudan are genetically diverse. This parasite 4 Napata Scientific journal- issue One- March 2022 could be the ancestor of the leishmania parasites, and its distribution started from Sudan to all of the worlds.
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    Kingdom of NAPATA
    (Napata College, 2022-04) Elzubair Bashir Taha
    Archaeological relics and findings of historical research indicate that Sudan has witnessed the rise and fall of regional civilizations for more than ten thousand years. Of all those civilizations the era of the Sudanese Napatan Empire was the greatest in sub-Saharan Africa. Napata Empire began to blossom mid eleventh century BC and survived for a thousand years. The most prosperous period of the Napatan Empire is represented in Egyptology by the 25th dynasty particularly during the pharoship of Taharka (690-660 BC) during whose rule extensive pyramids, settlements and temples were built, the remains of which can still be seen. with its vast economic and distinctive political organization the Napatan civilization was able to spread its territory to include Ethiopia east, Darfur west, Upper Nile South and across lower and upper Egypt thru to Southern Turkey Anatolia. In the seventh century before Christ, the Napatan army defeated the Assyrians and chased them out of entire Syria and Palestine thus librating the sacred city. Taharga, the third Napatan pharaoh, was named in the bible as the protector of Orshleem AlGuds. By assuming full control over the red sea, the Napatan Empire has played an important role in international trade connecting Far East to Egyptian ports thus interacting with Southern Europe via the Mediterranean.
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    Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of Three Sudanese Tribulus species
    (Napata College, 2022-04) Z. A. Hilmi; H. H. EL-Kamali; A. M. Aldai
    This study aims to explore the phytochemically bioactive compounds of three Sudanese Tribulus species. Threewild species of Tribulus; T. terrestris, T.longipetalous and T.pentandrus,were collected from KhartoumState. Their bioactive compounds were extracted by ethanol, from their roots, aerial parts, and fruits. Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was used for phytochemical analysis of their bioactive compounds.In T. terrestris different compounds (20 from roots), (27 from aerial parts) & (29 from fruits) were identified by GC/MS. Six classes of chemical compounds were found; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, alkanes and alcohols. Major components were sucrose (28.72%) in roots and 4-O-methyl-mannose in aerial parts (49.60%) and in fruits (43.66%). In T.longipetalous many compounds were identified; 23 from roots, 20 from aerial parts, and 29 from fruits. These compounds were classified into four groups; Sugars, fatty acids, terpenes alcohols. The most commonly detected compound was 4-O-methyl mannose; 73.11% (in roots), 43.24% (in aerial parts) and 35.75% (in fruits). In T.pentandrus more compounds were identified, 31 (roots), 31 (aerial parts) and 42 from fruits. These compounds were grouped into eight classes; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, alkanes, alcohols, steroidal sapogenins and alkaloids. The major component also was 4-O-methylmannose 47.86 % (in roots), 44.75 % (in aerial parts) and 55.05 % (in fruits).The most commonly found classes of compounds in the three Tribulus species were; sugars, fatty acids, terpenes, steroids and alcohols. The major compound found in all parts of the three Tribulus species was 4-O-methylmannose. In addition other compounds were identified from T.pentandrus
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    Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)Leaves extracts
    (Napata College, 2022-04) Yasmin Hassan Elshiekh
    This study aimed to explore the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Plate agar diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of these extracts using four bacterial species; two Gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, two Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal species; Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The methanol extract showed a significantly higher antibacterial activity in comparison to the other extracts. No antifungal activity was detected in this research with all extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves.
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    Professor Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970)
    (Napata College, 2022-04) M. Eltikeina
    The Republic of the Sudan has, since its independence in 1956 (2), to the best of its ability attempted to promote the absolute necessity of education and has seen to it that it manifests itself as a participant in the world stage. Despite this, Sudanese scholars are almost never mentioned in popular academic media. Here in NSJ, we have decided to manifest ourselves as a force of change and to, to the best of our ability, see to it that these under-recognized scholars are shined forth as they always should have. In this edition of NSJ, our persona of the edition is the father of African psychiatry, Professor Tigani El Mahi of the Republic of the Sudan.
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    Somebody relationships in 15 populations of two Nile Cichlids in the Sudan.
    (Napata College, 2022-04) O.M. Omer; A.H Abdalla; E A. Hagar; Z.N. Mahmoud
    Background: The objective of this work is to quantify the body weight, body depth and standard length relationship of Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus from the Nile and its tributaries to find out the population of best traits. Methods: Fish body weight was recorded to 0.1gm using an electronic field balance. The standard length and body depth were measured using a measuring tape to the nearest cm. Results: The standard length-body weight relationship of O. niloticus and S. galilaeus 15 populations, was significant (p<0.05 top<0.001), except for S. galilaeus populations from Wad Medani and Shendi (p>0.05). The growth mode of the different populations of O. niloticus and S. galilaeus ranged from negative allometric, isometric to positive allometric.The standard length-body depth relationship of O. niloticus and S. galilaeus was mostly significant (p<0.05 top<0.001 Conclusions: The study concluded that there is a relatively high level of polymorphism and genetic diversity within and between O. niloticus and S. galilaeus and a comparatively high overall interspecies pair wise divergence. The population of O. niloticus from Al Kalakla is quite different from other populations, and thus can be recommended for improvement of other tilapias varieties.