Issue 2

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    A comparative study on the chemical constituent's fatty acids and lignans from sesame seeds and flaxseeds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali; Gawaher Fatihalalim El Awad
    Background Sesamum indicum (sesame) and Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) seeds are rich in fatty acids and lignans which have been stated to be the reason for their wide range of activities. Sesamum indicum seeds have been shown to possess cholesterol lowering activity, neuroprotective, anti-carcinogenic and coronary protective effect and Linum usitatissimum seeds health benefits include reducing cardiovascular diseases, decrease the risk of cancer, anti- inflammatory activity, laxative effect, osteoporosis and alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Experimental Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds were coarsely grounded for oil extraction and for sample preparation by methyl esterification for the GC-MS instrument. Another amount of the seeds was taken and the methanol extraction followed by n-hexane method was carried out, then injected into the GC/MS instrument. From the results of GC/MS, the fatty acid and lignan composition were determined and a comparison was made. Results The major constituents in sesame seeds fixed oil were linoleic acid, methyl ester (34.80%), oleic acid, methyl ester (30.89%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (15.41%) and methyl stearate (13.89%).The major constituents in flaxseeds fixed oil were alpha-linolenic , methyl ester (53.05%), linoleic acid, methyl ester (18.83%), palmitic acid, methyl ester (12.86%), methyl stearate (11.94%).The major constituents in sesame seeds extract were linoleic methyl ester (22.52%), vitamin E (25.18%), oleic acid, methyl ester (13.44%), and palmitic acid, methyl ester (11.66%).The major constituents in flaxseeds extract were isobutylglycerol-nitro (13.16%), D- sesamin (22.89%) and episesamin (40.49%). Conclusion Both Sesamum indicum and Linum usitatissimum seeds are a rich source of fatty acids and dietary lignans
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    Assessment of mothers awareness regarding impact of use of social media in school age children in –Almatamma locality – River Nile State –Sudan 2020.
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Huda Hassan; Fatima Osman Ali Mohammed; Shireen Ebdelfatah Mohammed; Marium Mohammed Alnageeb; Lymia Altaieb Alhade
    Background: Social Medias are forms of electronic communication such as websites for social networking through which users create online communities to share information. Objectives: To assess mothers awareness regarding impact of uses of social media in school age children. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional community based study was conducted during period extended from December 2019 – October 2020in El-matamma locality. Convenience sample was used, data was collected by questionnaire designed by researchers composed of (21) questions, 50 mother were included calculated by Data was analyzed by using SPSS version (21). Results: The study revealed that (76.0%),(56.0%) of study groups had fair knowledge regarding negative and positive effects of social media on children education respectively, (68.0%)of study groups had fair knowledge regarding effects of social media on children sleep. (78.0%),(64.0%) of study groups had fair knowledge regarding negative and positive effects of social media on children health respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the mothers had fair knowledge regarding positive and negative effects of social media on children education, health, and sleep Recommendations: Enforcement of the concept of good using of social media and reaps positive results for children, encourage mothers to educate themselves and their children about the advantages and disadvantages of social media.
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    Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Producing Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Intensive Care Unit -Khartoum-Sudan 2022
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Ahmed Emadeldin Osman; Alruomaisa Yousif Abker; Braah Mubarak Abdalraheem; Ezdehar Yousif Osman; Farida Farid Hamza; Saja Sulieman Nimir; Moil Babiker Alshiekh; Elrahman Fathelrahman Ahmed
    Background: Carbapenemase are enzymes that are a major cause of bacterial resistance to the Carbapenem family of antibiotics such as meropenem. ESBL are derived from genes for narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase by mutations that alter the amino acid configuration around the enzyme active sites. Objective: The study aimed to detect the production of carbapenemases and Extendedspectrum beta-lactamase among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Intensive Care Units (Alselah Hospital, Ribat University Hospital, and Sharg Elnile Hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan.). Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional facility-based study, conducted in Alselah Hospital, Ribat University Hospital, and Sharg Elnile Hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan, in which 100 gram negative bacteria were isolated from ICU (by simple random technique )in the period June to October 2022, and were investigated for susceptibility ,phenotypic detection of carbapenemases and ESBL. The isolated bacteria were purified by subculture in MacConkey ager, colonial morphology, gram stain and set of biochemical tests were done and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Carbapenem antibiotic family. Finally the phenotypic detection of carbapenemases was done by modified Hodge test, and then used double disk diffusion method to detect extended spectrum beta lactamase. Result: One hundred isolates were investigated in this study, when susceptibility test was performed the highest susceptibility rate was registered for meropenem (84%) and the highest resistance rate for ceftriaxone (55%). ESBL producing bacteria were (16%) and Modified Hodge Test positive was (3%). Conclusion: The findings revealed that there was a minimum rate of ESBLs and Carbapenemase producing gram negatives isolated from ICU
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    Dental students Perception toward Objective Structured Clinical Examination in preclinical operative dentistry: Cross-sectional study. Igraa College, Sudan
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Aliaa Omer Sulaiman; Israa Mohamed Zain; Marwa Abdalrhman Ahmed; Kamal Mubark Aljack; Elhadi Mohieldin Awooda
    Background: The objective structure clinical examination (OSCE) approach has proved to be a useful method in assessing students ' psychomotor, cognitive, and attitude skills. OSCE is a clinical exam, but has been used for preclinical in many institutes. Objectives: The aim was to assess preclinical dental students' perceptions toward OSCE as a method of assessment in preclinical operative dentistry. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, comparative cross-sectional study among 100 undergraduate dental students from Igraa College – Sudan. Two class years were involved; the first group was composed of 48 senior students in semester 6, and the second group was 52 junior students in semester. The preclinical operative dentistry course was taught for both class years students in a period from May to November 2021 and both were examined at the end of the course. The self-administered questionnaire included questions about their demographic data and their perception toward the OSCE in comparison to the Traditional Practical Examination (TPE). Comparison between different nonparametric data by Chi-Squire test with the level of significance set at the P value of ˂0.05. Results: The response rate was 53 (53%) where male students were 13 (24.5%) and female students were 40 (75.5%). Senior students were 26 (49.1) and juniors were 27(50.9%). Both groups and both genders considered OSCE as a useful method of assessment; with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P ˃0.05). Senior students scored more “agree” 26(49.1%) about their opinion if OSCE is a helpful educational exercise than junior students 24(45.3%), but statistically no significant difference. Students stated that OSCE is more stressful in comparison with written exams and Traditional Practical Examination. Conclusion: OSCE in preclinical operative dentistry course; transfer knowledge more easily, helpful in education exercise, fair and meaningful when compared to the written and TPE exams
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    Bayesian Spatial analysis for breast and prostate cancer incidence in Sudan based on 2009-2013 national registry data.
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Madhuchhanda Bhattacharjee3; Volker Schmid; Mohammed A. Abdulrahman
    Background: The spread of cancer disease has been a problem and burden on the global health systems what led the decision makers and researchers to encourage further investigations research on related issues. In Sudan, research there is still a need to work on advanced applications such as Bayesian models or relative risk estimations based on Bayesian methods. Materials & Methods: This paper investigates the spatial impact on the incidence of cancer in Sudan using Bayesian and Frequentist methods. The standardized incidence ratios have been calculated for each state, and INLA with BYM have been used in the investigation. Disease mapping is useful to determine which areas are with high-risk rates what can be conducted under the Latent Gaussian Model. R INLA package has been used as tool of modeling. Data collected by National Cancer Registry through 2009-2013, handed to the researcher on 2016, actually, it is the only available complete data in Sudan at the present time, while the population data for the same period is estimated by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). For the period 2009-2013, a number of 45413 cancer patients were recorded throughout Sudan, among all cases registered, Breast cancer count was5892Cases, and Prostate was 2315. Females were 24,439, 54% among the whole cases while males 20,974, 46%. For all cancer cases including gender specific cancers, females appeared to have the highest number of incidences compared to males. Results: Results from this study- in two parts- revealed that, the standardized incidence rates indicate the wide spread of the cancers under study in Northern state and River Nile state; the spatial Bayesian analysis using INLA indicates results similar to standardized incidence rate. In conclusion, the Northern and River Nile were the most affected states in Sudan with breast and prostate cancers requiring further studies in identifying what factors causes the problem. The general trend of the study indicated widespread breast and prostate cancer in Northern state and River Nile state.
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    Evaluation of the Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers in Napata College in 2022
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Dalia Ahmed Gasm El seed; Mayada Mustafa Yagoub; Mohmmed Abdalmaged Ahmed; Rowa Murtada Hassan; Ruqaya Alfadil Idrees
    Background: Dental clinic environment is very demanding and stressful with its occupational hazard that affecting the dentist well-being in addition to their physical health. Objective: Evaluation of Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers in Napata College .Material and Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on December 2022. A total of 95 dental students and house officers (54 from 4th year) (30 from 5th year) (11 house officers) were involved from Napata College, Dentistry Programme, Sudan. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires including demographic and questions of knowledge and attitude regarding Occupational Hazards among Clinical Dental Students and House Officers. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: (66.3 %) of clinical dental students and house officers were female .Regarding the occupational hazard, the majority of the participants 44.2 %, complained of back pain, 55.8 % of students experienced sharp instruments injury and 42.1% of them washing then disinfecting the area of injury. 98% of the participants had good knowledge about personal protective equipment (PPE) and 70.5 % were using these equipments in their dental practice. 75.8 % of dental students and house officers strongly agree that sitting in correct position will help in avoiding musculoskeletal symptoms. 55.8% of participants strongly agree that rubber dam is mandatory in any restorative procedure Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of occupational hazards in Napata dental clinic, especially for the musculoskeletal disorder and sharp instrument injury .Considerable variation with knowledge, practice and management toward Occupational hazard among the participants.
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    Comparative Study of the Gezira Scheme Canals Efficiency
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Maha Yousif El Amri; Adam Khalifa Mommed; Fath Elrahman E. N; Abbas Abdalla Ibrahim
    The agricultural sector plays a key role in Sudan economy. It is well known that the Gezira Agricultural Scheme is the largest irrigated area in Sudan, and largest area under one administration in the world. The Gezira Scheme problem is that it suffered for several decades from political urgent decisions which led to low production. This was associated with apparent destruction, degradation and poor irrigation. These formidable problems revealed the main objective to solve the drawdown preventing development. This extended the objectives which in turn revealed the existing conditions of the Gezira Scheme, checked irrigation drainage infrastructures networks, water supply control, as well as released demands with its impact on crops rotations and production. The study methodology paved the road to keep the irrigation canals in perfect condition fulfilling the entire objective leading to solution of all the problems. Field and office works can be successful if they function with excellence during periods when there exists low water supply, such that the discharge in the canals continue with optimum or close to the optimum design discharges two cases were considered, Zananda and Haj Abdalla canals. The study indicated that renovation of such conditions is achieved with such conditions. This was supplemented with the positive results of fieldwork practices inherited from the past, associated with the high-level limits of the scientific recommendations. It is seen that Silts, weeds in the canals are the most problems encountered with the scheme. In addition to mismanagement of water discharge and crops rotations
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    Estimating and Projecting Demand for Azithromycin Antibiotic in Khartoum State, Sudan
    (Napata College, 2023-12) Mohmmed Alfadel Esmail; Mogab Ibrahim Yasin; Matab Khalid; Yara Abdel Alftah; Murtada A. Oshi
    Objectives: This study presents a simple method to estimate the real supply and demand for azithromycin (AZA) antibiotic in 2022 and project its demand for the next 10 years in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional market survey was conducted in three cities of Khartoum State from February 2022 to November 2022 by visiting 85 pharmacies. Basic questions were asked to the pharmacist through a questionnaire regarding the actual supply and demand of AZA. Results: The obtained data showed an actual supply of 158,386,750 AZA tablets/capsules and a real demand of 633,547,000 tablets/capsules in 2022. In addition, this study found that there was a gap between the supply-demand of approximately 668 million of AZA tablets/capsules until 2031. Conclusions: This study can be used as a guide to estimate the actual supply and the real demand for AZA antibiotic or any other antibiotic and to predict its real demand for the future