Pharmacy

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Adherence of Health‑Care Providers to Hypertension Management Guidelines in Khartoum, Sudan, 2020
(Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow, 2020-10-09) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Lamees Abdelrhman; Lamiaa Saad; Marah Omran; Inas Osman
Introduction: Hypertension has the highest prevalence among the major non‑communicable diseases in Sudan (prevalence 27.6%) due to high amount of salt intake in foods, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, smoking, and increase in age. Different guidelines have been proposed from time to time to increase the number of patients with controlled blood pressure. It is a well‑established fact that poor disease control is largely related to the poor patient compliance to medical advice and medications. However, the other important aspect of the same problem is the physician’s adherence to evidence‑based management of hypertension, but, unfortunately, this has not been studied adequately. Objective: The objective is to investigate adherence practices of health care providers to the use of clinical practice guidelines in Khartoum, Sudan. Materials and Methods: An observational cross‑sectional study was carried out from February to April 2020 among health‑care providers which include prescribing doctors and community pharmacists in Khartoum locality. Data were collected using electronic delivery validated questionnaire. Results: A total of 200 health‑care professionals (HCPs) voluntary participated, 51% were pharmacists, while 49% were prescribing doctors. As overall 86.125% of participated health‑care provider aware about hypertension as a health problem as a mean of their correct responses. In the area of measurement and management of a new case of hypertension, the mean of the responses (mean of correct answers) which follow guidelines was 55.75%. In the area of selection of anti‑hypertensive treatment in comorbid conditions the mean responses of correct responses was 58.88%. Conclusions: Our study observed that the majority of HCP adhere to guidelines for hypertension in Khartoum locality. The study showed a lack of knowledge among HCPs in managing hypertension in patients with the comorbid condition.
ASPARTAME SWEETENER
(2020) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir
Artificial sweeteners have increasingly become an area of controversy in the world of food and nutrition. Consumers are oftenly barraged with a number of contradictory opinions and reports regarding the safety and efficacy of sweeteners. Artificial sweetener consumption may cause migraines or headache, skin eruptions, muscle dysfunction, depression, weight gain, liver and kidney effects, multiple sclerosis and blurred vision. On the other hand natural sweeteners like stevia and its products are safe and do not cause any health problem. Therefore, it is important for the consumer to choose sweeteners with great care. Aspartame (APM)) is composed of methyl ester of the dipeptideL-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine with molecular weight of 294.3 and a source of 4 kcal/g of energy (Food and Drug Administration, 2006).
Assessment of Community Pharmacist’s Involvement in Health Promotion and Education Activities of Patients in Khartoum, 2020
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2020-11-30) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Naira Saeed; Fatima Mahmoud; Marina Ezzat; Mohamed El Mojtaba; Ola Hamza; Mai Abdallah Humaida
Introduction: Health promotion enables people to gain better control and improve their health and overall well‑being. An important aspect of health promotion is community action and participation through health education which encourages socioeconomic and cultural activities and improves environmental determinants of health. Justifications: Sudan national guidelines for good pharmacy practice in community pharmacy 2016 state that community pharmacists should have a role in health promotion in community, so researches must be done to assess achievement in this issue. Objectives: The objective was to assess the extent of the pharmacists’ involvement in counseling patients about health promotion and education topics, their preparation to counsel patients in health promotion and education topics, and their perceived success in changing the patients’ health behavior. Materials and Methods: An observational cross‑sectional study was carried out from March to April 2020 among community pharmacists in Khartoum locality. Results: A total of 150 community pharmacists who participated in the study showed that the most important purpose of consumers’ visits to community pharmacy was related to seeking pharmaceutical advice about drug dosage, indication, availability, and side effects which were ranked first, second, third, and fourth, respectively. In the area of the pharmacists’ perceptions on their preparedness to counsel patients on health‑related behaviors, the perceived preparedness was highest for counseling on taking drugs as prescribed/directed (mean [standard deviation (SD)]; 4.5 [0.9]) and knowledge about drug contents and side effects (mean [SD]; 4.2 [1.1]). The community pharmacists perceived success in helping patients to change their health‑related behaviors. Conclusion: The majority of participants have a positive attitude toward counseling the population on health behaviors and indicated their willingness to learn more about health promotion.
ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AMONG HEALTHY WITHOUT DIABETES IN SUDAN USING THE FINDRISC TOOL
(2020-09-15) Osman Abdalrhman Osman; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed Awad Mousnad; Azza Hamid
Background and objective: Diabetes is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern worldwide. The risk assessment of type 2 diabetes can be done through a risk questionnaire that provides an accurate, low-cost, educational and time-effective method for this. By early identification of people at risk of developing diabetes and if it is confirmed that they are in the pre-diabetes stage, adequate care is provided to them through lifestyle interventions or even hypoglycemic drugs if needed, thus delaying or preventing their progression to diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among healthy Sudanese without diabetes in Khartoum. Methods: A cross-sectional study from Nov 2016-March 2017 comprising 122 adult participants, age (>20 yrs) visiting the garden yard located at airport street at Khartoum district without a diagnosis of T2DM was carried out. The risk of developing T2DM was assessed using the validated and widely used Finish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) Total Risk Score of each participant was analysed and compared. Knowledge assessment tool and Anthropometric measurements were also used. Results: 122 participated in the study, the mean age of the participants was 31.55±10.122, the mean BMI was 25.718±5.813 and the mean of waist circumstances 90.2±16.63. Estimated risk of developing T2DM in 10 years of study for participants according to FINDRISC, only 3.3% have a high risk. The risk factors for the participants in the study for developing DM type 2 were 66.4% has positive family history, 44.3% were overweight or obese, has 41.8% limited physical activity and 27.9% has central obesity. The pattern of vegetables and fruits daily intake according to FINDRISC only 36.1% from participants. Significant positive correlation (r= 0.395, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is >14, Estimated age: Y=24.1+ (0.9x15) = 37.9≈38years.Significant positive correlation (r= 0.6, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is > 14, Estimated BMI: Y= 19.24+ (0.8x15) = 31 Kg/ m2. Conclusion: The knowledge about diabetes risk factors, classical symptoms and common complication was not satisfactory. None of the “at high” risk had their risk further investigated. While 25% adapted health their lifestyle. Large scale studies to test the validity of FINDRISC in Sudanese population should be conducted. Development of Sudanese population specific risk score that take into count the local risk factors is warranted.
Association of Plasma Zinc and Prostate‑Specific Antigen in Patients with Prostatic Cancer in Khartoum
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2022-01-25) Nafisa Mohammed; Ali Awadallah Saeed; M. A. Mahdi
Background: Prostate cancer is the most common visceral cancer in males, ranking as the second most common cause of cancer‑related deaths in men older than 50 years of age, after carcinoma of the lung. It is predominantly a disease of older males, with a peak incidence between the ages of 65 and 75 years. This study aimed to estimate the plasma zinc level and plasma prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) level in patients suffer from prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted in Khartoum on 100 males aged more than 50 years old which were divided into 50 apparently healthy as control and 50 with prostate cancer as case. A 5 ml of blood specimens was collected in lithium heparin anticoagulants for the estimation of plasma zinc level using Buck model 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (East Norwalk, CT 06855) made in the USA and the plasma total PSA that was measured by immunoassay Sandwich principle HITACHI ROCHE COBAS E 411 (serial number 04641655190 V 13.0). Results: The mean level of plasma zinc was 0.35 mg/L ± standard deviation [SD] 0.14 in case and in control was 0.68mg/L ± SD 0.13, so the P value was 0.002 and PSA was 43.08 ng/ml ± SD 20.08 in case and 3.53 ng/ml ± SD 3.90 in control, so the P value was 0.000, the correlation between the level of plasma PSA with plasma zinc in patients with prostate cancer give R was 0.01 and R2 was 0.001. Conclusion: This study concluded that PSA is significantly increased in patients with prostate cancer and plasma zinc level is significantly decreased in patients with prostate cancer. However, it is statistically significant.
AWARENESS OF PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ASPARTAME SIDE EFFECTS IN KHARTOUM CITY, SUDAN
(2020-07-15) Musab Hassan Dafaalla; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Eiman Abubakr Osman; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed A. Mousnad
Objective: Aspartame (or APM) is the name for an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in many foods and beverages. Aspartame is the methyl ester of a phenylalanine/aspartic acid dipeptide. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It is 200 times sweeter than sugar in typical concentrations, without the high-energy value of sugar. Aim of current study was to study the awareness of pharmacists about aspartame side effects. Materials and methods: This study was carried in greater Khartoum, questionnaire for pharmacists to see the consumption and the awareness of them to these interactions during the period from September 2014 to November 2014.Study was conducted among practicing pharmacists. A pre designed and tested questionnaire were used for each category to collect the data. From the hospitals manager. Results: 32% were aware of the number of aspartame products. Pharmacists when asked how many patients purchase aspartame products per day, answers showed that 74.5% ranged between 1-10 patients per day, About pharmacist’s expectations to develop side effects due to aspartame, use regularly showed that 75% agreed that it would. pharmacists claimed that aspartame can or worsen a certain list of some diseases in which that diabetes represented 30%, Alzheimer’s 28% , attention deficit disorder 17.3% , psychological disorders. Conclusion: The majority of community pharmacists expect side effects can be developed due to aspartame regular use by patients but majority didn’t know what are the exact side effects and the exact diseases that can be worsened when using aspartame.
GLUTATHIONE PEPTIDE
(2020) Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Ali Awadallah Saeed
In this review article would selected and talk in some sides related to Glutathione and highlights the some points as general. Glutathione (γ- glutamyl-cysteinylglycine) is an endogenous peptide with antioxidant plays many useful functions in human body and therefore determination of this small molecule is very important for present-day medicine and pharmacy. General multiple functions of GSH A. Reducing agent, antioxidant B. Detoxification of xenobiotic C. Metabolic regulation. GSH levels in human tissues normally range from 0.1 to 10 millimolar (mM). Glutathione plays a central role in the maintenance of tissue antioxidant defenses and in the regulation of redox sensitive signal transduction. Glutathione transferases (GST) are essentially known as enzymes that catalyze
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Vitamin D Deficiency Among Community Pharmacists and Prescribing Doctors in Khartoum city, Sudan, 2020
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2020-11-30) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed Eid; Salman Ahmed; Mostafa Abboud; Braah Sami
Vitamin D is a group of fat‑soluble vitamins responsible for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has reached an epidemic in both developed and developing countries. Literature review showed that population knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning Vitamin D were poor. Prescribing doctors and pharmacist are an important source of health information. Hence, their knowledge and practices about Vitamin D is essential for their roles and needs to be highlighted. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Vitamin D among community pharmacists and prescribing doctors in Khartoum City, Sudan, 2020. Materials and Methods: An observational cross‑sectional study was carried out from February to April 2020 among 94 community pharmacists and 106 prescribing doctors using a validated electronic delivery self‑administered questionnaire in Khartoum locality. Results: About 32.7% and 41.9% from prescribing doctors and pharmacists had poor general knowledge, respectively, regarding VDD, while the significant trend was found regarding the level of knowledge and year of experience (P = 0.022) of all health professionals (pharmacists and doctors). About 39.3% and 44.1% from prescribing doctors and pharmacists, respectively, had poor nutrition knowledge score toward Vitamin D with a significant trend regarding nutrition knowledge score and different gender groups (P = 0.02) of all health professionals in the study. About 49.5% and 47.5% from prescribing doctors and pharmacists, respectively, had poor attitude scores toward Vitamin D with a significant trend regarding nutrition knowledge score and attitude score (P = 0.037) of all health professionals. Conclusion and Recommendations: This survey identified a gap in the general knowledge, nutritional knowledge, and attitude among health‑care professionals (prescribing doctors and pharmacists).
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice toward COVID‑19 among Sudanese Population, Khartoum 2020
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2022-01-25) Issra Osman Khojaley; Fadwa Abdalhai Hamad; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mai Abdalla Humaida; Tarig M. Hassan
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is defined as an illness caused by a novel coronavirus which is an emerging respiratory infection that was first discovered in December 2019, in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China, finally named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This study aimed to evaluate the current level of knowledge regarding transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures of COVID‑19 among the general population in Sudan. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID‑19 among Sudanese resident. Methodology: This was a cross‑sectional, descriptive, community‑based study for 1000 respondents selected by convenience sampling technique in seven localities of Khartoum state, Sudan between the periods April 9 and June 9, 2020. Data were collected using a pre designed pretested questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Sixty‑four percent of the population had good knowledge regarding COVID‑19 clinical presentations transmission routes, prevention method, and self‑isolation. Forty‑four percent of the population had poor attitude regarding COVID‑19 situation. Forty‑two percent of the population had poor practice regarding COVID‑19 preventive measures. There is a positive association between knowledge and attitude (P = 0.000001), positive association between knowledge and practice (P = 0.000001), and an insignificant negative association between attitude and practice (P = 0.453). Conclusions: Sudanese had a good level of knowledge and good practices compared to other nearby countries despite their economic state and lack of possibilities. The stressor experienced by the Sudanese citizens had huge effect on their negative attitude. Recommendations: Because good practices depend on good knowledge, it recommends to increase the level of knowledge about the disease, ways of transmission and prevention especially for women, elderly retired, unemployed, and those with low education level, rural resident using all the means of communication available (television and radio, awareness seminars, posters for guidance and alert in mosques, and the houses of worship) by clear, easy, simple language suitable for the elderly and uneducated.
PH-SENSITIVE LIPOSOMES AND APPLICATION
(2020) Ahmed Mustafa K; Hassan Mohamed; Ali Mustafa A; Hatim Ali M. A; Haythum Abdel-Rahim B; Nihal Izzeldeen M. G; Nada Abdelgadir; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Liposomes have an aqueous, drug-containing interior surrounded by an exterior lipid bilayer, and typically range in size from 0.5 to 100 μm. Liposomes have been used successfully to reduce side effects of antitumor drugs and antibiotics. The Classification of liposomes Based on composition and size. PH-sensitive liposomes are designed to specifically triggered release the loaded drugs in response to the change of pH in the surrounding serum. So pH-sensitive liposomes can effectively deliver drug or gene fragments into the cytoplasm via the endocytotic pathway. Furthermore, pH-sensitive liposomes can be successfully used in clinical if they enable the encapsulated drugs to be targeted to pathological tissues (such as primary tumors, metastases, local ischemia, inflammation and infection) of the body in which pH is less than the normal physiological value. That is the reason why a growing amount of literatures described the development and applications of pH-sensitive liposomes to improve the therapeutic index of the encapsulated active ingredients. In this review, the commonly used pH-sensitive molecules for pH-sensitive liposome and the mechanisms of intracellular delivery of pH-sensitive liposomes were addressed. Besides, the potential clinical applications were fully discussed in detail with an expectation to contribute to the clinical research of pH-sensitive liposomes.
PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION
(2020) A. Mustafa Khidir M. A.; M. Alsayid A.; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Size reduction is a fundamental unit operation having important applications in pharmacy. Nanotechnology is a field of applied science, focused on the design synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices on the nanoscale. This branch of knowledge is a sub-classification of technology in colloidal science, biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields and involves the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials in the nanoscale. In this Review Article we Review about the Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, by several angles, definition, techniques, we exhibiting some type of Nano-particles and Application.
Pharmacists Knowledge and Contribution during Coronavirus Disease‑2019 Pandemic in Sudan, 2020
(2021) Nahid Osman Ahmed; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Pharmacist’s knowledge about the different aspects of this pandemic is crucial because it influence their role and contribution as a frontline health‑care provider, as pharmacies and most of the pharmacy practice sectors are kept open even during lockdowns providing counseling and patient care. Pharmacist can provide valuable services during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, these services may include: Provide reliable information on the disease, participate in public education on preventive measures, referring of suspected cases, insuring continuous supply of medicine. Methods: A web‑based, cross‑sectional study, conducted using the survey instrument to obtain the responses from Sudanese pharmacists during the period from May 26, 2020, to June 3, 2020. A 14‑item survey instrument was developed. The web‑based cross‑sectional study was carried out among the Sudanese pharmacists. A self‑reported structured questionnaire was divided into three sections: Demographic characteristics, questions assessing the knowledge, and one question for the pharmacist contribution during the pandemic. Results: The present study showed that 51.1% of pharmacists have good knowledge about the COVID‑19. The work experience and education level significantly (P < 0.05) influence pharmacist knowledge. Majority of pharmacists contribute to different activities during the pandemic, for example, providing patients with transmission information (94%), provide factual and reliable information on the diseases symptoms (93.1%), providing patients with prevention information (91.1%). Conclusion: The present study identified that pharmacists have good knowledge about COVID‑19 pandemic. Furthermore, pharmacists contributed in many activities as a frontline health‑care provider during this pandemic.
Self-medication Practice among patients living in Soba- Sudan
(2020-01-10) Elwalid Isameldin; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Tarig mohamed hassan; Mohamed Awad Mousnad
Self-medication, the use of medicines without prescription to treat self-diagnosed disorders, symptoms, or continuous use of the prescribed drug for chronic symptoms. It affected by factors such as education, family, community, availability of medicines and exposure to the public and medical advice or advertisements. Objectives: The study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence and various aspects of self-medication in people. Methods: A randomised, cross-sectional study, was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. The target population of this study was 340 people out of 3000 people at Soba, Khartoum, Khartoum state. Khartoum. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22, and analysis was conducted with descriptive analysis procedures. Results: In this study it was found that 340 (100%) respondents practiced self-medication. The principal for seeking self-medication included Malaria as reported by 165 people (17.4%) followed by diarrhea (162 people) (17.1%). Drugs commonly used for self-medication included antibiotics (35.9%) followed by analgesics (31.8%). Among reasons for seeking self-medication, About 237 person (50.0%) cited cost-effectiveness as the primary reason, as well as flexibility of pharmacies in place and time, 251 (37.9%) found pharmacists his sources of medicine information, followed by doctors176 (26.5%). For this reasons 214 (62.9%) used repeated prescriptions, some people go to herbal remedy, included cough as reported by 137 (20.12%), followed by cold (17.9%).
SUDANESE EXPERIENCE OF HERBAL FORMULAS USED DURING COVID-19 INFECTION
(2020-11-15) AzzaAbdelilah Ahmed Mohamed; Mai Abdalla Humaida; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Objectives: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is recent worldwide disaster which is considered by the WHO as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Method: A quick survey was done in Khartoum state for the commonly utilize herbs and the succeeded formulas, 652 people participated in this survey either they use these herbs for themselves or their relative use it during the symptoms of COVID-19. Results: A 652 people participated in the quick survey for the commonly utilized herbs & the succeeded formulas either they use these herbs for themselves or their relative use it during the symptoms of COVID-19. Other products used as additives include (honey, vinegar, sesame oil, olive oil and salt). Conclusion: Sudanese experience that various traditional herbs, usage and different route of administration can effectively alleviate primary symptoms e.g. fever, cough, fatigue and reduce probability of developing severe conditions.
SUDANESE PHARMACY STUDENTS: CAREER INTENTIONS, EXPECTATIONS AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR CHOICES
(2021-01-15) Hebatallah Alhemadey; Mohamed Awad Mousnad; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Azza Hamid
Objectives: Pharmacy is a profession with wide careers. The desires to study pharmacy affect selection of pharmacy careers. Despite that in the last years pharmacy careers had developed and expanded , majority of the pharmacists end up in hospital or community pharmacy that create imbalance in distribution of pharmacists and shortage in work force. This may be due to career pathways were not clearly addressed as part of the pharmacy curriculum. Objective of present study was to assess final year pharmacy student’s career intentions, expectations and factors affecting their choices in Khartoum state. Material and Methods: This study is an observational cross-sectional, study conducted during the period of time from September 2017 to April 2018 for 257 final year pharmacy students selected by non-random convenient sampling in the four universities, data analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: There were wide factors can affect students to study pharmacy; family was the most effective factor (46.7%) and the desire to work in medical profession (44.4%). Approximately 53% of the students are satisfied with studying pharmacy. The level of satisfaction was significantly associated with gender and whether pharmacy was their first choice. (P value =0.001). There was significant different in response of career intention regarding attendance in career advice sessions (P =0.035). Student's opinions about each career were as follows: community pharmacy as the most familiar (69.3%), academia as the most prestigious (31.1%), clinical pharmacy as the most stressful (32.3%), marketing and industrial pharmacy as the ones with highest salary (59.5% and 22.2%) and regulatory affairs as the most unfamiliar career (69.6%). There was significant different between career intention and salary (P value =0.00). Conclusion: The most intended careers were hospital and marketing. Personal desire, chances for development, working environment and salary were the most factors affecting student's career intention. Career advice program should be incorporated into the curriculum.
THE PRACTICE AND PERCEPTION OF HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ERRORS IN DISPENSING MEDICINES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CAUSES IN OMDURMAN MILITARY HOSPITAL, SUDAN
(2020-11-15) Mussab Salah; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mai Abdalla Humaida; Tarig M. Hassan
Introduction: Hospital pharmacies dispensing errors are common and investigating them for identifying factors involved in it and developing strategies to minimize their occurrence. Errors can arise at any stage during the dispensing process. Dispensing errors were identified by checking the prescribed drug against the dispensed medication. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study involving 100 pharmacists who were administered a survey research designed to assess pharmacists' attitudes, factors associated with DEs and involvement in DE, conducted between 1st January 2019 and 1st February 2019 at Omdurman Military Hospital (OMH) Pharmacies. A data analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21. Results: 55% from the pharmacists in the study have poor attitude toward dispensing errors. The most common factors influencing dispensing errors as stated by participants were lack of therapeutic training (stated by 81%), 62% from the participants stated that workload and time pressure are causes of dispensing errors in area of factors associated with the work environment. 48% from the pharmacists in the study committing dispensing errors, 41.7% from them committed dispensing errors once while 23% committed fourth or more. Conclusion: With the multiplicity of risk factors in our environment, there is urgent need to reinforce the training of pharmacists and the provision of resource materials and enabling work environment aimed at minimizing medication errors.
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS IMPACT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING MAJOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY IN SUDAN
(2020-07-15) Abubaker Aldosh; Kholoud Hamad; Ali Hashim; Aziza Mohammed; Osman Babiker; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed A. Mousnad
Objective: Venous thromboembolism is an important complication of major orthopedic surgery. The aim of present study was to investigate the efficacy of the currently used thromboprophylaxis protocol, determine the incidence of VTE post operatively and the risk factors behind it in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study for 403 patients underwent major orthopedic surgery from July 2013 to July 2014 in main hospitals in Khartoum state where major orthopedic surgery performed. Data were collected using observation checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to study the association between the type of surgery, patient’s risk factors, choice and duration of thromboprophylaxis and development of VTE after major orthopedic surgery. Results: Total 403 patients were incorporated the study, 2.73% were diagnosed with DVT developed within 5 days post operatively. 1.64% of the patients not received any type of thromboprophylaxis, 0.27% wore compression stocking. Pharmacological methods were used in the rest of the patients, 96.72% administered to them enoxaparine. 75.95% of the patients presented with one or more than one risk factors for VTE other than the orthopedic surgery. 4% of patients received thromboprophylaxis for more than 14 days while 96% received it for 3-5 days. The incidence of DVT was higher in diabetic patients (p- value= 0.03) and hypertensive (p- value= 0.046) who aged ≥60 years. Conclusion: Results showed that VTE was a significant complication of major orthopedic surgery, despite the use of thromboprophylaxis and the incidence was 2.73% in our study.

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