Pharmacy

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The rationality of anti-malaria drug prescriptions and its conformity with the national protocol for treatment of malaria in Wad Medani, Sudan
(National College, 2010) Ali A. A. Saeed; Salah I. Kheder
This study was conducted at Wad Medani, Gezera State, Sudan in February 2010, to determine the pattern of anti malarial drugs prescriptions and to test their conformity to the National Protocol for treatment of malaria. One hundred sixty prescriptions were collected and reviewed. The majority of prescriptions (95.6%) were written by house officers and medical officers. The most common anti-malarial drug prescribed was “Artesunate 100 mg and Sulfadoxine 500 mg, Pyrimethamine 25 mg” combination (75%) followed by Quinine injections (15.6%) Artmether injections (5.6%), Lumefantrine and Artemether combination (1.9%) and Quinine tablets (1.9%). This study revealed that although most of the prescriptions conform to the National Protocol for treatment of malaria, regarding the first line therapy of uncomplicated malaria, most prescriptions were irrational (61.2%)
Cardiac myosin heavy chains in mice treated with NG-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester and thyroxine
(Springer Verlag, 2013-11-15) Mukhallad A. M. Mohammad; Muhanad S. Abdelwahab; Mohamad M. J. Mohamad; Othman El shboul; Waleed R. Ezzat
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and thyroxine on the distribution of cardiac myosin heavy chains in mice. Myocardial hypertrophy was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection with L-thyroxine and oral administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Mice were randomly allocated into five groups: control, high and low doses of thyroxine and L-NAME. Heart weight divided by body weight was calculated and used as indicator for cardiac hypertrophy. Myosin heavy chains (MHCs) were separated using 4 % polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hypertrophy was induced in mice treated with thyroxine and a high dose of L-NAME and was accompanied by a shift toward -MHC in thyroxine-treated mice and -MHC in L-NAME-treated mice. There was no difference with respect to MHC between a low dose of LNAME and a high dose; however, low doses of L-NAME did not result in cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, L-NAME treatment changes the MHC distribution from - toward - MHC and this transition in the MHCs occurs before heart hypertrophy. Further investigations are needed to determine whether L-NAME treatment causes this transition via a direct or indirect effect on the heart muscles.
Incidence and geographical distribution of cancer in Radiation and Isotopes Center in Khartoum
(2014-07) Ali Awadalla Ali; Faiza Esmat Ibrahim
This study was conducted at Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Khartoum state, Sudan in February to April 2011 to identify age, the gender of the patients, and geographical area for the cancer patients and to determine the common types of the cancer. A cross- sectional descriptive facility-based study carried out in Khartoum state in Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum. One hundred and eighty patient files were collected and reviewed. 47.3% were in the age between 50 and 80 years old. The geographic distribution of cancer patients includes 19.6% of the patients have come from Khartoum and the same percentage come from north Kordofan, this indicate that these areas have a high incidence of cancer disease. 13.4% from the patients come from Aljazeera, 7.2% from North state and 6.2% from White Nile. Almost 66% from the patients were female and the most common type of cancer between them was breast cancer which indicated by 41% from the patients. 7% from the patients suffering from esophagus cancer whereas 4% have prostate cancer. This study revealed that Khartoum and North Kordofan were the most geographical areas in Sudan affected by cancer while breast cancer was the most common. Women affected by this disease in rate higher than men and 47.3% were in the age between 50 and 80 years old
Evaluation of attitudes of the community pharmacists toward warfarin interactions
(2015-08-31) Ali Awad Allah Ali; Abutalib Alamin Abdallah
Objective: The major objectives of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of community pharmacists drug nutrient (warfarin-food containing vitamin K) and drug –drug interactions (warfarin-vitamin K). Methods: The data were collected through three scenarios by the researcher as a co-patient from a total of 90 practicing pharmacists in community pharmacies in Khartoum State during February to April 2011. Results: Only 7% in Omdurman city, 10% in Bahry and Khartoum cities had knowledge about food containing vitamin K. The ratios ranged from 7%-13%. The discussion showed that since the majority of pharmacists surveyed demonstrated lack of knowledge about drug-nutrient interaction, inadequate knowledge may lead to inappropriate patient counseling and adverse medical consequences. Conclusion: Additional training and integration of knowledge and expertise about drug-nutrient interactions among healthcare professionals is essential to provide appropriate patient counseling and optimal therapeutic outcomes.
ASSESSMENT OF RATIONAL USE OF ASTHMA MEDICATIONS AMONG ASTHMATIC PATIENTS IN BAHRI AND ALSHAAB TEACHING HOSPITALS
(2019) Hala Tajelsir Ahmed; Hassan Mohamed Ali; Sahar Mamoun Mohamed Ali; Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Mohammed Jalalaldin
Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. It is usually characterized by shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing and coughing. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess rational use of asthma medications among asthmatic patients in two teaching hospitals. Method: A descriptive cross sectional hospital based study, data was collected during October and November 2014, using close-ended questionnaire included demographic data of patients, question to assess clinical control of asthma, clinical indication regarding inhaled corticosteroid preventer therapy, adherence to treatment, regular review, and PMDI technique assessment. Data was analyzed using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS-V15) and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The result obtained showed that, asthma symptoms was uncontrolled in 60.35%, ICS is indicated for 76.4, 45.8% were regular users of ICS, 35.5% have regular review, 19.8% have correctly performed full PMDI technique and 41.3% of the studied sample performs the entire essential steps of inhaler technique correctly. Conclusion: Asthma is uncontrolled among the studied sample, lack of optimal medication use and regular review and PMDI is widely miss used by asthmatics in this study.
ASSESSMENT ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM DESPITE THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS IN MILITARY HOSPITAL
(2019) Ahmed Alamin Kazzam; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed
Introduction: Venous thromboembolism, including both deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is an important complication of major orthopedic surgery, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A variety of factors related to the clinical setting and patient influence the risk of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery patients. Objective: To assess orthopedic patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism despite thromboprophylaxis in military hospital. To evaluate risk factors for venous thromboembolism, Prevalence, Risk factors, Doses, Interaction, role of the clinical pharmacists, type of anticoagulation used, Compliance and Cost effectives. Material and method: This study was carried in military hospital Omdurman by a questionnaire for patients in December 2013 – January 2014 Study was conducted among Patients in risk of DVT in military hospital in Khartoum state. A pre designed and tested questionnaire were used for collect the data. Results: 40% from the patient’s undergone orthopedic surgeries were in age above 60 years, while 35% from patients were aged between 30-60 years. 76% from the patients were male while 73% from the patients were married. 97% from the patients were governmental employed. About their residence, 64% from the patients were rural. More than half from patients (67%), the orthopedic surgery was hip arthoplasty. The majority from the patients (82%) have surgical factors while 9% from the patients have patient’s related factors and the remaining have the both. 42% from patient has undergone orthopedic surgery, the thrombophrophylaxis drug given to them for less than 14 days. In the study, 38% from them the prophylaxis done by aspirin only while 4% done by physical prophylaxis (elastic stoking) and enoxaparin and this regimen does not match the guidelines. Only 52% from the orthopedic surgeries patients were given enoxaparin as thromboprophylactic agent, which matches the guidelines. Conclusion: Despite the availability of effective thromboprophylaxis, the prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery patients remains an important clinical problem. Because the increased risk of venous thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery can persist for several weeks, and discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy can lead to a second wave of thromboembolic complications, extended-duration thromboprophylaxis may be required during this period. Accurate prediction of thromboembolic risk in orthopedic patients should also facilitate the appropriate use of extended-duration thromboprophylaxis, thereby reducing the burden of venous thromboembolism. Improved risk-assessment models are therefore required to identify patients who will benefit from extended-duration thromboprophylaxis. The higher a patients risk of VTE, the greater the reliance on pharmacologic prophylaxis.
AWARENESS OF INTERACTIONS OF NSAIDS WITH SOME DISEASES AMONG PHARMACISTS IN KHARTOUM STATE
(2019) Fahad Gasim Alsiddig Alabass; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed
Introduction: Drug- Disease interactions may cause deterioration in the patient’s clinical status, resulting in additional treatment, hospitalization, and/ or an extended hospital stay. NSAIDs inhibit the enzymatic production of prostaglandins. In Sudan and prescribing are more than other drugs or may be used routinely by more patient by them self without sufficient know –how the effect of (NSAIDs) if they have other diseases e.g., Asthma, gastrointestinal upset (peptic ulcer). Objectives: To assess the extent of awareness of drug-diseases interactions of NSAIDs among Pharmacists and Doctors in Khartoum state pharmacies and hospitals. Materials and methods this study was conducted in Khartoum state pharmacies and hospitals during the period of May to 15Th October 2011, it is cross-sectional study. Sample size 120 of pharmacists and 50 doctors working in Khartoum state hospitals will be selected randomly. Structured pre tested questionnaire will be developed to collect the data. Moreover, the information was collected from books, international journals. BNF and scientific websites. The analyzing of data using SPSS program. Results: 76% of doctor expected that there will be drug-drug or drug-disease interaction between asthmatic patients and NSAIDs. 75.5% from the pharmacists stated that NSAIDs may interact with asthmatic patients by worsening the asthma. 91.67% of doctors expected that there will be drug-disease interaction between ulcerative patients and NSAIDs. 88% stated that the interaction by increasing gastric acid secretion and worsening of the ulcer in these patients. 55.5% from the doctors did not ask the patients about the period of using NSAIDs when they come to take NSAIDs. Conclusion: More than half of the practicing pharmacists and medical doctors are aware about the interaction between NSAIDs and asthma, hypertension and patients having ulcer. Unfortunately in spit of that, they dispense and prescribe NSAIDs to these patients respectively. Half of the doctors did not ask the patients about the period of using NSAIDs when they come for treatment. Half of the pharmacists are reluctant to ask the patients about the medical history when they are taking NSAIDs.
INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-OBESITY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FOENICULUM VULGARE SEEDS, IN VIVO AND IN SILICO MODELS
(2019) Dina A. Ghinmy; Mazin Y Alsafi; Reem M. Al bashir; Tasnim O. Elsammani; Yosra A M. Alshreef; Tarig M.H. El-Hadiyah; Ali A. Saeed
Background: Obesity is a chronic disease that triggers metabolic disorders due to excessive internal fat accumulation. Foeniculum vulgare (FV) is a very popular medicinal plant used to control obesity in the traditional medicine without any scientific evidence. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidimic activity of ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds in vivo and identify the possible mechanism of action using molecular docking that is performed on plant constituent to target leptin receptor. Material and Methods: 16 albino rats were divided into four groups; group 1: none obese rats received (0.2 ml) normal saline daily, group 2: obesity control treated with modified High-fat hyper caloric diet, group 3: received plant extract (200 mg/kg) daily (I.P), and group 4: received Orlistat (2mg/kg) orally. Rats’ body weight and Lipid profile were assayed. For Molecular docking, ligands were obtained from previous studies, screening was performed using structure-based drug design against phytochemical constituent of Foeniculum vulgare, molecular modelling was done using Auto Dock Vina; only best conformers ligands with highest and best score was selected. Results: Reduction in rat’s body weights produced by Foeniculum vulgare ethanolic seed extract was12%, while Orlistat produced 6.4%. Triglycerides level wasn’t affected by treatment with plant extract and Orlistat. Molecular docking shows that Stigmast-5-en-3-ol have stronger binding at the leptin receptor’s binding site (-6.1 kcal/mol) when analyzed using AutoDockVina. Conclusion: Finally, this study concluded that Foeniculum vulgare ethanolic seeds extract demonstrate promising action as anti-obesity remedy since it shows a significant reduction in rat body weight and correct lipid profile, which provide scientific rationale for its folkloric use. Molecular docking suggests that the Stigmast-5-en-3-ol is a good candidate as leading compound for management of obesity disorders.
Basic Pharmacology of NG -Nitro – L – Arginine Methyl Ester
(2019-01-30) Muhanad S. Abdelwahab; Mukhallad A. M. Mohammed; H. M. Abdelwhab; Mazin S. Abdalla Mohamed; Mansour Abdelgader Bellal
NG – Nitro- L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a synthetic drug in which a quanidino is substituted for L-arginine analoques. It is a competitive enzyme inhibitor which inhibits nitric oxide synthase, hence, decreasing nitric oxide production [1].
Evaluation of Job Satisfaction and Job Related Stress Among Community Pharmacists in North Khartoum and its Impact on Providing Pharmaceutical Care Services
(2019-11-11) Azza Mohamed Tahir; Tarig Mohamed Hassan; Ali Awadallah Ali; Mazin Yousif Babiker; Mohamed Awad Mousnad
Introduction: Pharmacists and pharmaceutical care services are among the most important tools in providing health services to the society. Pharmacists as the key players in presenting health services, critically impact on the health of the society and if they suffer low job satisfaction, their dissatisfaction may relatively threaten health in the society. This study was conducted to determine Sudanese community pharmacists’ job satisfaction and additionally, some causes of dissatisfaction among community pharmacists and their impact on providing pharmaceutical care services have been evaluated. Method: The questionnaire was designed after reviewing relevant Literature in addition, The Job Satisfaction survey was used to measure the level of community pharmacists’ satisfaction with their current jobs, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to evaluate emotional experience and awareness. Results and Discussion: Generally low scores of job satisfaction were concluded among pharmacists while most of them were highly satisfied with being pharmacist. Conclusion: Low levels of job satisfaction which were found among Sudanese community pharmacists could be considered as a deficiency of health system in Sudan. Fortunately, inherent interest in the pharmacy profession found among Sudanese pharmacists is an optimistic point at which policy-makers could develop their modifying policies. Health policy-makers must endeavor to take other steps to issue solutions for this current problem.
ASPARTAME SWEETENER
(2020) Ali Awadallah Saeed; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir
Artificial sweeteners have increasingly become an area of controversy in the world of food and nutrition. Consumers are oftenly barraged with a number of contradictory opinions and reports regarding the safety and efficacy of sweeteners. Artificial sweetener consumption may cause migraines or headache, skin eruptions, muscle dysfunction, depression, weight gain, liver and kidney effects, multiple sclerosis and blurred vision. On the other hand natural sweeteners like stevia and its products are safe and do not cause any health problem. Therefore, it is important for the consumer to choose sweeteners with great care. Aspartame (APM)) is composed of methyl ester of the dipeptideL-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine with molecular weight of 294.3 and a source of 4 kcal/g of energy (Food and Drug Administration, 2006).
PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION
(2020) A. Mustafa Khidir M. A.; M. Alsayid A.; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Size reduction is a fundamental unit operation having important applications in pharmacy. Nanotechnology is a field of applied science, focused on the design synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices on the nanoscale. This branch of knowledge is a sub-classification of technology in colloidal science, biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields and involves the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials in the nanoscale. In this Review Article we Review about the Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, by several angles, definition, techniques, we exhibiting some type of Nano-particles and Application.
PH-SENSITIVE LIPOSOMES AND APPLICATION
(2020) Ahmed Mustafa K; Hassan Mohamed; Ali Mustafa A; Hatim Ali M. A; Haythum Abdel-Rahim B; Nihal Izzeldeen M. G; Nada Abdelgadir; Ali Awadallah Saeed
Liposomes have an aqueous, drug-containing interior surrounded by an exterior lipid bilayer, and typically range in size from 0.5 to 100 μm. Liposomes have been used successfully to reduce side effects of antitumor drugs and antibiotics. The Classification of liposomes Based on composition and size. PH-sensitive liposomes are designed to specifically triggered release the loaded drugs in response to the change of pH in the surrounding serum. So pH-sensitive liposomes can effectively deliver drug or gene fragments into the cytoplasm via the endocytotic pathway. Furthermore, pH-sensitive liposomes can be successfully used in clinical if they enable the encapsulated drugs to be targeted to pathological tissues (such as primary tumors, metastases, local ischemia, inflammation and infection) of the body in which pH is less than the normal physiological value. That is the reason why a growing amount of literatures described the development and applications of pH-sensitive liposomes to improve the therapeutic index of the encapsulated active ingredients. In this review, the commonly used pH-sensitive molecules for pH-sensitive liposome and the mechanisms of intracellular delivery of pH-sensitive liposomes were addressed. Besides, the potential clinical applications were fully discussed in detail with an expectation to contribute to the clinical research of pH-sensitive liposomes.
GLUTATHIONE PEPTIDE
(2020) Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Ali Awadallah Saeed
In this review article would selected and talk in some sides related to Glutathione and highlights the some points as general. Glutathione (γ- glutamyl-cysteinylglycine) is an endogenous peptide with antioxidant plays many useful functions in human body and therefore determination of this small molecule is very important for present-day medicine and pharmacy. General multiple functions of GSH A. Reducing agent, antioxidant B. Detoxification of xenobiotic C. Metabolic regulation. GSH levels in human tissues normally range from 0.1 to 10 millimolar (mM). Glutathione plays a central role in the maintenance of tissue antioxidant defenses and in the regulation of redox sensitive signal transduction. Glutathione transferases (GST) are essentially known as enzymes that catalyze
Self-medication Practice among patients living in Soba- Sudan
(2020-01-10) Elwalid Isameldin; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Tarig mohamed hassan; Mohamed Awad Mousnad
Self-medication, the use of medicines without prescription to treat self-diagnosed disorders, symptoms, or continuous use of the prescribed drug for chronic symptoms. It affected by factors such as education, family, community, availability of medicines and exposure to the public and medical advice or advertisements. Objectives: The study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence and various aspects of self-medication in people. Methods: A randomised, cross-sectional study, was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. The target population of this study was 340 people out of 3000 people at Soba, Khartoum, Khartoum state. Khartoum. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22, and analysis was conducted with descriptive analysis procedures. Results: In this study it was found that 340 (100%) respondents practiced self-medication. The principal for seeking self-medication included Malaria as reported by 165 people (17.4%) followed by diarrhea (162 people) (17.1%). Drugs commonly used for self-medication included antibiotics (35.9%) followed by analgesics (31.8%). Among reasons for seeking self-medication, About 237 person (50.0%) cited cost-effectiveness as the primary reason, as well as flexibility of pharmacies in place and time, 251 (37.9%) found pharmacists his sources of medicine information, followed by doctors176 (26.5%). For this reasons 214 (62.9%) used repeated prescriptions, some people go to herbal remedy, included cough as reported by 137 (20.12%), followed by cold (17.9%).
Evaluation of Drug Use at Four Hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan
(MEDWIN, 2020-02-10) Abbas O; Saeed AA; Hassan TM; Mousnad MA
Background: Drug use is a complex subject involving the prescriber, the dispenser, the patient and pharmaceutical institutions. Inappropriate drug use is the problem of the whole world; however, the degree of the problem is higher in developing countries like Sudan. Objective: The present study was carried out to assess the pattern of drug use by using World Health Organization’s Patient Care indicator in Selected Health Facilities in Khartoum state. Method: A descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study was conducted among hospital outpatients. The sample was selected using systematic random sampling. In each hospital, patient care indicators were investigated through collection of data on 268 patient encounters, determination of consultation time and dispensing time for 268 patients, and by interview of 268 patients for the evaluation of dispensing practices. Results: The mean consultation time was found to be 13.93 minutes, whereas the mean dispensing time was found to be 122.78 seconds, the total number of drugs prescribed was 1080, and the percentage of medications actually dispensed in the hospitals was calculated to be 58.98%, percentage of drug adequately labelled was 8.96%, Patients who knew their dosage forms accurately were found, 180 patients. Conclusion: The result of the resent study indicates that the patient consulting time, medications, labeling and availability of key drugs in the hospitals are inadequate. These patient care indicators need special attention for improvement. Professionals of all levels of health care, management and leaders should be trained in quality issues. Essential drug supply management systems should be established to ensure availability of key drugs in the outpatient pharmacies of the hospitals.
AWARENESS OF PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ASPARTAME SIDE EFFECTS IN KHARTOUM CITY, SUDAN
(2020-07-15) Musab Hassan Dafaalla; Ahmed Mustafa Khidir; Eiman Abubakr Osman; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed A. Mousnad
Objective: Aspartame (or APM) is the name for an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in many foods and beverages. Aspartame is the methyl ester of a phenylalanine/aspartic acid dipeptide. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It is 200 times sweeter than sugar in typical concentrations, without the high-energy value of sugar. Aim of current study was to study the awareness of pharmacists about aspartame side effects. Materials and methods: This study was carried in greater Khartoum, questionnaire for pharmacists to see the consumption and the awareness of them to these interactions during the period from September 2014 to November 2014.Study was conducted among practicing pharmacists. A pre designed and tested questionnaire were used for each category to collect the data. From the hospitals manager. Results: 32% were aware of the number of aspartame products. Pharmacists when asked how many patients purchase aspartame products per day, answers showed that 74.5% ranged between 1-10 patients per day, About pharmacist’s expectations to develop side effects due to aspartame, use regularly showed that 75% agreed that it would. pharmacists claimed that aspartame can or worsen a certain list of some diseases in which that diabetes represented 30%, Alzheimer’s 28% , attention deficit disorder 17.3% , psychological disorders. Conclusion: The majority of community pharmacists expect side effects can be developed due to aspartame regular use by patients but majority didn’t know what are the exact side effects and the exact diseases that can be worsened when using aspartame.
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS IMPACT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING MAJOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY IN SUDAN
(2020-07-15) Abubaker Aldosh; Kholoud Hamad; Ali Hashim; Aziza Mohammed; Osman Babiker; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed A. Mousnad
Objective: Venous thromboembolism is an important complication of major orthopedic surgery. The aim of present study was to investigate the efficacy of the currently used thromboprophylaxis protocol, determine the incidence of VTE post operatively and the risk factors behind it in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study for 403 patients underwent major orthopedic surgery from July 2013 to July 2014 in main hospitals in Khartoum state where major orthopedic surgery performed. Data were collected using observation checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to study the association between the type of surgery, patient’s risk factors, choice and duration of thromboprophylaxis and development of VTE after major orthopedic surgery. Results: Total 403 patients were incorporated the study, 2.73% were diagnosed with DVT developed within 5 days post operatively. 1.64% of the patients not received any type of thromboprophylaxis, 0.27% wore compression stocking. Pharmacological methods were used in the rest of the patients, 96.72% administered to them enoxaparine. 75.95% of the patients presented with one or more than one risk factors for VTE other than the orthopedic surgery. 4% of patients received thromboprophylaxis for more than 14 days while 96% received it for 3-5 days. The incidence of DVT was higher in diabetic patients (p- value= 0.03) and hypertensive (p- value= 0.046) who aged ≥60 years. Conclusion: Results showed that VTE was a significant complication of major orthopedic surgery, despite the use of thromboprophylaxis and the incidence was 2.73% in our study.
Awareness of Sudanese Married Women among the Use of Hormonal Contraceptive
(MEDWIN, 2020-08-25) Mohamed R; Suliman S; Arabi TY; Mousnad MA; Saeed AA; Aldosh A
Objective: To determine the awareness of Sudanese women about the use of hormonal contraceptive, knowledge about the different type of hormonal contraception, common side effects caused by a hormonal contraceptive, to assess attitude about the use of hormonal contraceptive and to find out the knowledge of women about emergency Contraceptives. Methodology: Cross-sectional study conducted in-depth interviews with women consulting at obstetrics and geriatric hospital in Omdurman military hospital. A total of 335 women participated in the study. Results: Among the 335 women included in the study (335 women) were 58.8% of them were housewives, (29.2%) women were employers, moreover, Medical field, their number (11.4%) women and only (0.6%) women have not answered. The educational level of the participants as In level, University was (54.9%) women, A secondary level of education, were (31.9%) woman, Basic education level, their number were (11.1%) women, Uneducated women, were (1.8%) women, and there were only one woman declined to answer. (65.4%) from the women in the study had birth less than 4 children, (29.6%) women had birth more than 4children, while there were (5%) women hadn’t birthed. 82.7% from the women in the study were using contraceptives (60.6% were used contraceptive pills, 22.1% were used transdermal patches or injectable contraceptive) while 17.3% not used contraceptives. Conclusion: awareness of Sudanese women about the use of hormonal contraceptive was good, the most side effects was hair loss, change in mood and weight changes, the attitude to use hormonal contraceptive was most related to refuse the husbands to use it and personal beliefs, the knowledge of emergency contraceptive was low in women. Most of the women use contraceptive for family planning reasons. Half of the women were found to be lack of knowledge about more advantages of using contraceptive other than family planning.
ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AMONG HEALTHY WITHOUT DIABETES IN SUDAN USING THE FINDRISC TOOL
(2020-09-15) Osman Abdalrhman Osman; Ali Awadallah Saeed; Mohamed Awad Mousnad; Azza Hamid
Background and objective: Diabetes is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern worldwide. The risk assessment of type 2 diabetes can be done through a risk questionnaire that provides an accurate, low-cost, educational and time-effective method for this. By early identification of people at risk of developing diabetes and if it is confirmed that they are in the pre-diabetes stage, adequate care is provided to them through lifestyle interventions or even hypoglycemic drugs if needed, thus delaying or preventing their progression to diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among healthy Sudanese without diabetes in Khartoum. Methods: A cross-sectional study from Nov 2016-March 2017 comprising 122 adult participants, age (>20 yrs) visiting the garden yard located at airport street at Khartoum district without a diagnosis of T2DM was carried out. The risk of developing T2DM was assessed using the validated and widely used Finish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) Total Risk Score of each participant was analysed and compared. Knowledge assessment tool and Anthropometric measurements were also used. Results: 122 participated in the study, the mean age of the participants was 31.55±10.122, the mean BMI was 25.718±5.813 and the mean of waist circumstances 90.2±16.63. Estimated risk of developing T2DM in 10 years of study for participants according to FINDRISC, only 3.3% have a high risk. The risk factors for the participants in the study for developing DM type 2 were 66.4% has positive family history, 44.3% were overweight or obese, has 41.8% limited physical activity and 27.9% has central obesity. The pattern of vegetables and fruits daily intake according to FINDRISC only 36.1% from participants. Significant positive correlation (r= 0.395, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is >14, Estimated age: Y=24.1+ (0.9x15) = 37.9≈38years.Significant positive correlation (r= 0.6, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is > 14, Estimated BMI: Y= 19.24+ (0.8x15) = 31 Kg/ m2. Conclusion: The knowledge about diabetes risk factors, classical symptoms and common complication was not satisfactory. None of the “at high” risk had their risk further investigated. While 25% adapted health their lifestyle. Large scale studies to test the validity of FINDRISC in Sudanese population should be conducted. Development of Sudanese population specific risk score that take into count the local risk factors is warranted.

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