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- ItemThe Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan: The Distorted Educational System(Napata College, 2024-04)Introduction: On 15 April 2023, Battles initially broke out in the capital city, Khartoum, after the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) militia, which used to be under the command of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), rebelled. During such a disaster, Sudanese people are expected to reconsider their life priorities, with education coming down after safety and food supply. This, in turn, will result negatively in children's learning outcomes with probable deterioration and or reduction in educational achievement. A report released by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research on 28 August 2023 stated that the vandalism affected all 104 higher education and scientific research institutions in Khartoum and several other states. Methodology: This commentary relies on reports from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, along with recent journal articles discussing the consequences of ongoing conflicts. Personal observations as staff in universities contribute to the insights, and data from the students and colleges illuminate the struggles faced by them. Results: The war resulted in the widespread destruction of educational infrastructure, leaving more than 600,000 higher education students uncertain about their academic future. The universities started searching for solutions to overcome the catastrophe and find ways to support their students and staff. Conclusions: The conflict in Sudan disproportionately impacts education, causing disruptions in whole educational process in Sudan. Urgent international intervention is needed to cease the conflict and ensure the safety of higher education and scientific research institutions facilities, and support will be needed for the students, higher education staff and researchers.
- ItemThe Flora and Fauna in Eastern Nile Locality at Khartoum State(Napata College, 2024-04)The present study is the pioneer that document the biodiversity of the Eastern Nile Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan including five range enclosures. The main objective of the present study is to document the natural vegetation status and floristic, faunal composition in five rangeland enclosures namely Abozaid (15° 46′ 928″, 32°88′549″) Wadtbar (15° 42′ 846″,33°06′552″), Elhedabab (15° 42′ 893″, 33°002′ 36″), Salamat Wad Niel (15° 652′ 680″, 33°25′ 928″) and Seyal Elfaki Saad (15° 54′ 976″, 33°20′ 724″) in Eastern Nile Locality, Khartoum State, and to provide a recent species list. The quantitative assessment of the flora in the five enclosures was determined by measurement of density, abundance, frequency, relative density, relative abundance, relative frequency and importance value index. On each of the five enclosures 9 plots were selected and the measurements were taken for 3 consecutive years. Nineteen plants were encountered during the survey. The results revealed that the herbaceous cover is dominated by Aristida adscensionis in four of the five studied enclosures while in Elhedabab enclosure Schoenefeldia gracilis is the most dominant species. Standard collection and identification methods were used for both plants and animals. During the study period, a total of 33 plant species, representing 27 genera from 14 families, in 11 orders were recorded. Poaceae had the highest contribution; followed by Fabaceae and Zygophyllaceae. The flora comprises a variety of life-forms; most are theophytes. The majority of the plant species have important ethnobotanical uses. From the collected plant 24 species are fodders grazed or browsed by wild animals and domestic livestock and 24 species are used for medicinal purposes. Almost all plant parts are economically used. The wild faunal survey results indicated the presence of 16 species two of which are reptiles, belonging to 1order falling within 2 families. The avifauna consisted of nine species, falling in seven families within 4 orders. While the observed mammals were 5 species, falling in 5 families. Owing to the results produced by the present study, which represents the base for further ecological studies, there is an urgent need for monitoring and conserving the biodiversity in the Eastern Nile Locality.
- ItemAnalysis on the Association of Prevalence, Gender Differences and Age with Thyroid Diseases(Napata College, 2024-04)Introduction Diseases of the thyroid gland are manifested by qualitative or quantitative alterations in hormone secretion, enlargement of the thyroid (goiter), or both. Insufficient hormone secretion results in the syndrome of hypothyroidism or myxedema, in which decreased caloric expenditure (hypometabolism) is a principle feature. Conversely, excessive secretion of active hormone results in hypermetabolism and other features of a syndrome termed hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis (1) . Materials and Methods The present study has been designed and conducted to investigate the significance of gender and age on thyroid diseases. Test results were taken from the records of the Radio Immunoassay Laboratory at the Nuclear Medicine Department of the Sudan Atomic Energy Commission. The results were of individuals that have undergone the thyroid function tests T4, T3 and TSH. The levels of T4, T3 and TSH in blood serum were measured using radioimmunoassay techniques. Results of the tests were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The total number of respondents was 550.Anal. On Assoc. of Prev., Gender & Age with Thyroid Dis. Mukhtar et. al. Results The distribution of these respondents according to the levels of T4, T3 and TSH revealed that 12.18% of patients showed high levels of T4, 9.64% showed high levels of T3, and 5.09% showed high levels of TSH. Results also revealed that 3.82% showed low levels of T4, 3.45% showed low levels of T3 and 3.82% showed low levels of TSH. The present data indicates that 3.82 % of the patients were affected with hypothyroidism and 12.18% of the patients were affected with hyperthyroidism. The data also revealed that the females outnumbered the male subjects in this study. The male respondents represented 11.09 % of the total number of respondents, while the females represented 88.91 %. The distribution of respondents according to age and sex revealed that the majority of patients from both sexes lied between the age of 20 and 40. The minority were found at less than 20 years. Conclusion Prevalence of hyperthyroidism is 3 times higher than in hypothyroidism. Women are generally at higher risk of most types of thyroid disease than men. It has also been noticed that the severity of thyroid diseases manifests clearly in male respondents. The risk of thyroid dysfunction increases with age and it is more prevalent in elderly males.
- ItemEvaluation of Groundwater Quality Drinking Purposes using Water Quality Index: A Case Study at Abu Guta area, Gezira Scheme(Napata College, 2024-04)In this study, researchers delve into the assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in the Abu Guta area within the Gezira Scheme. They shed light on the growing demand for water driven by population growth and economic development, underlining the crucial role of groundwater as the primary water source in the region, emphasizing its importance for sustaining life. The article emphasizes the significance of water quality assessment in determining its suitability for human consumption, taking into account both natural processes and human activities. To comprehensively evaluate water quality, the researchers employ the Water Quality Index (WQI), a tool that provides a holistic analysis based on various parameters and allows for comparisons against established guidelines. The study meticulously outlines the methodology for calculating WQI scores, focusing on parameters like pH, chlorides, hardness, and conductivity, among others. Through rigorous sampling and laboratory analysis of water samples from 22 locations, the researchers uncover a spectrum of water quality ranging from poor to good for drinking purposes, with variations observed across different samples and seasons. Eval. Of Groundwater at Abu Guta El Aamri et al . Key parameters influencing water quality, such as pH, hardness, and chloride levels, are identified and discussed in detail. While most parameters meet recommended standards, deviations are noted in certain samples, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and management efforts to address water quality challenges effectively. In essence, the study provides valuable insights into groundwater quality assessment using the WQI methodology, emphasizing the importance of ongoing monitoring and management practices to ensure a safe and sustainable drinking water supply in the region. Through their research, the authors advocate for a holistic approach to water management, underscoring the imperative of safeguarding this vital resource for present and future generations.
- ItemEvaluation of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Aqueous Seed Extract of Solenostemma argel in Male Albino Rats(Napata College, 2024-04)The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity/safety potential of Solenostemma argel seeds aqueous extract at three different doses (700, 500 and 200 mg/Kg b.w) in albino rats using haematological and biomedical parameters. Male albino rats were used in this study; the rats were divided into four groups. The blood parameters measured were: WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Lym %, Gran %, Mid %, Lym #, Gran #, Mid #, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, P.LCR, P.LCC , RDW-CV and RDW-SD, whereas the biochemical parameters measured were : AST, ALP, ALP, Glucose , total cholesterol and triglycerides. Our study finding demonstrated that aqueous extract of S.argel seed at doses 700 and 500 mg/Kg b.w caused reductions in MCV, Gran %, Gran #, PCT, PLT, P-LCC and RDW-SD, whereas at dose 200 mg/Kg b.w caused reductions in PLT, PCT and PLCC. The extract caused increase in WBC (except at 700 mg/Kg b.w), HGB, HCT, Lym%, PDW, P-LCR, Lym # (except at dose 700 mg/Kg b.w). The rats groups at three doses showed non-significant change in liver function tests parameters (AST,ALT and ALP), whereas as it showed significant change in Glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol (except at dose 200 and 500 mg/Kg b.w. Consumption of this plant may have tremendous impact on subjects suffering from hyper-triglyceridermia. This supports the safety use of the aqueous extract of S.argel in pharmacological studies.