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- ItemFactors Leading to increased morbidity among Detainees in Conflict Zones in Sudan (2024–2026)(Napata College, 2026)BSTRACT Background: The armed conflict in Sudan (2024-2026) has led to a critical humanitarian crisis, characterized by a sharp rise in morbidity rates within non-typical detention sites. This study examines the medical and environmental factors contributing to these health crises within centers that included civilian facilities and official prisons forcibly converted into detention camps for prisoners and detainees following field control over them. These environments lack the minimum health and humanitarian standards, where they can be described as inhuman, turning them into unknown hotspots lacking oversight, basic medical protocols, and international legal protection. Objectives: This research aims to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases as primary causes of morbidity and to identify the role of acute malnutrition in causing systemic organ failure. It also seeks to identify the medical complications of physical trauma, assess the impact of deprivation of essential medicines for chronic diseases, and determine the effect of logistical barriers and delayed medical evacuation on morbidity rates. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical design was followed using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 110 participants, including former prisoners, field medical personnel, eyewitnesses, and relatives of detainees. Data were analyzed to infer pathophysiological pathways based on reported clinical symptoms. 3 3 7 Results: The results revealed a "synergistic lethality" system; where malnutrition and metabolic collapse were the leading cause of morbidity at (52.7%), followed by the interruption of care and essential medicines for chronic diseases at (40.9%). Environmental factors contributed to 34.5% of cases, while traumatic rhabdomyolysis and violence-induced renal failure were associated with 31.8%. A statistically significant correlation was also found between the deprivation of medical evacuation for prisoners during the "Golden Hour" and the occurrence of severe health complications. Conclusion: This study concludes, based on documented data and field testimonies, that the mass morbidity among detainees in Sudan (2024–2026) is not merely "collateral complications" of the war, but rather a direct result of a forced detention environment designed to undermine life. The deadly intersection between deliberate starvation (which led to 52.7% of morbidity cases), the withholding of necessary chronic disease medications (40.9%), and the prevention of medical evacuation has transformed detention centers into environments lacking the minimum human standards. The research confirms that the loss of the "Golden Hour" due to logistical intransigence represents an indirect tool for health deterioration, making survival within these detention camps an exception rather than the rule, and constitutes a grave violation of medical protocols, the Third Geneva Convention, and International Humanitarian Law.
- ItemFactors Leading to increased morbidity among Detainees in Conflict Zones in Sudan (2024–2026)(Napata College, 2026)The armed conflict in Sudan (2024-2026) has led to a critical humanitarian crisis, characterized by a sharp rise in morbidity rates within non-typical detention sites. This study examines the medical and environmental factors contributing to these health crises within centers that included civilian facilities and official prisons forcibly converted into detention camps for prisoners and detainees following field control over them. These environments lack the minimum health and humanitarian standards, where they can be described as inhuman, turning them into unknown hotspots lacking oversight, basic medical protocols, and international legal protection.
- ItemEnergy drink consumption and sleep patterns among medical students in Napata college 2026(Napata College, 2026)Abstract Background: Sleep is a fundamental physiological function essential for cognitive processing and health. Medical students often face high academic pressure leading to sleep disturbances. To cope, many rely on energy drinks (EDs), which contain high concentrations of caffeine and stimulants that may further disrupt sleep architecture. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between energy drink consumption and sleep pattern among medical students at Napata College, Sudan. It also sought to identify consumption patterns and primary reasons for intake. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Napata College in March 2026. A sample of 349 undergraduate medical students was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected via a structured online questionnaire, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 26. Results: The results showed a significant reliance on EDs, with 52.3% of participants consuming them to stay awake while studying and 37.9% to overcome fatigue. Significant sleep disturbances were reported, with 25.9% unable to fall asleep within 30 minutes. A statistically significant correlation was found between ED consumption and poor sleep quality (Pearson Chi-Square = 5.431, p = 0.019). Conclusion: The study confirms a clear association between the frequent consumption of energy drinks and diminished sleep quality among medical students at Napata College. While used as a strategy to manage academic demands, EDs contribute to a cycle of sleep fragmentation and reduced cognitive recovery.
- ItemClinical and Laboratory Profile of Dengue Fever Among Patients Admitted to The Military Hospital, Omdurman, Sudan 2026(Napata College, 2026)Background: Dengue fever is a significant global public health concern, with an estimated 3.9 billion people at risk across 128 countries. In Sudan, the disease is highly endemic, with a national prevalence of approximately 27%. Despite its prevalence, early clinical diagnosis remains challenging due to non-specific manifestations that overlap with other endemic febrile illnesses like malaria, leading to potential delays in managing life-threatening complications. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, epidemiological, and hematological profiles of laboratory confirmed dengue patients at Omdurman Military Hospital to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical management. Methodology: A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Omdurman Military Hospital. The study population included all laboratory-confirmed pediatric and adult dengue cases managed between September 2025 and December 2025. Data were extracted from medical records using a structured checklist covering socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The study included 59 participants with a mean age of 39.46 \pm 14.77 years. The most common clinical presentations were fever (94.9%), headache (93.2%), and myalgia (81.4%). Epistaxis (40.7%) and bleeding gums (23.7%) were the leading hemorrhagic manifestations. Hematological findings revealed a mean platelet count of 133,180.0 \pm 93,289.0 cells/mm³ and a mean WBC count of 5,917.5 \pm 4,121.2 cells/mm³. Diagnoses were primarily confirmed via IgM (96.6%) and NS1 antigen (88.1%). While 62.1% of cases were classified as classic Dengue Fever, 37.9% developed severe forms (DHF and DSS). Notably, malaria co-infection was present in 31.0% of patients. Conclusion: Dengue fever is a major cause of acute febrile illness in Omdurman, primarily affecting young and middle-aged adults. Although most outcomes were favorable (93.2% discharge rate), the high prevalence of severe forms and malaria co-infection necessitates routine hematological monitoring and integrated fever management protocols to ensure early detection and prevent fatalities.
- ItemAssessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Regarding Sterilization and Disinfection Among laboratory personnel in Clinical Laboratory Settings at Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan(Napata College, 2026)Laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) remain a critical concern in clinical and research laboratory settings, with bacteria accounting for approximately 75% to 90% of all reported cases (1). Despite advancements in laboratory safety and containment technologies, the root causes of these infections are often linked to human factors, particularly the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of laboratory personnel (2). Studies indicate that although many laboratory workers possess strong theoretical knowledge, a significant knowledge–practice gap still exists, especially during periods of high workload, where safety protocols may be overlooked (3). Practice-related failures, such as inconsistent use of biosafety cabinets (BSCs) and improper removal of personal protective equipment (PPE), are reported in nearly 80% of accidental exposures (4). In addition, attitude plays a crucial role; experienced staff may develop a complacency, where familiarity with pathogens leads to reduced vigilance and failure to follow standard operating procedures (SOPs). This combination of inadequate practices and negative attitudes is considered a major contributor to LAIs globally (3,4). In this context, the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to sterilization and disinfection are essential determinants in reducing infection risks within laboratory environments. Effective sterilization and disinfection are fundamental in controlling pathogenic microorganisms on laboratory instruments, surfaces, and equipment (5). Sterilization refers to a process that eliminates all forms of microorganisms, including highly resistant bacterial spores, and can be achieved through methods such as heat, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, ozone, or radiation. In contrast, disinfection involves the elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, excluding bacterial spores (5). These procedures are particularly important in clinical laboratories, where biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissue specimens are handled routinely (6,7). Clinical laboratories play a vital role in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and prevention; however, they also present significant risks due to frequent exposure to infectious materials and contaminated equipment (6). Improper sterilization or disinfection of laboratory instruments and surfaces can lead to cross-contamination, laboratory-acquired infections, and inaccurate diagnostic results (5,6). Globally, infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are recognized as essential measures to ensure the safety of both patients and healthcare workers. However, adherence to sterilization and disinfection protocols varies widely among healthcare personnel (8). In many developing countries, including Sudan, healthcare systems face challenges such as limited resources, insufficient training, and inadequate infection control infrastructure. These factors may negatively influence the knowledge and practices of laboratory personnel regarding sterilization and disinfection, contributing to the persistence of healthcare-associated infections in the region (9). Therefore, assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of laboratory personnel regarding sterilization and disinfection is essential to identify existing gaps and improve infection control measures in laboratory settings