Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Regarding Sterilization and Disinfection Among laboratory personnel in Clinical Laboratory Settings at Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Regarding Sterilization and Disinfection Among laboratory personnel in Clinical Laboratory Settings at Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan
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Date
2026
Authors
Arafa Khider Edris Ebrahim
Elaf Ali Ahmed
Elaf Hidar Abdalaziz Nore
Gofran Hatim Mohammad
OSMAN ABDALLAH AHMED
Mohammad Yousif Abass
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Publisher
Napata College
Abstract
Laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) remain a critical concern in clinical and research laboratory settings, with bacteria accounting for approximately 75% to 90% of all reported cases (1). Despite advancements in laboratory safety and containment technologies, the root causes of these infections are often linked to human factors, particularly the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of laboratory personnel (2).
Studies indicate that although many laboratory workers possess strong theoretical knowledge, a significant knowledge–practice gap still exists, especially during periods of high workload, where safety protocols may be overlooked (3). Practice-related failures, such as inconsistent use of biosafety cabinets (BSCs) and improper removal of personal protective equipment (PPE), are reported in nearly 80% of accidental exposures (4). In addition, attitude plays a crucial role; experienced staff may develop a complacency, where familiarity with pathogens leads to reduced vigilance and failure to follow standard operating procedures (SOPs). This combination of inadequate practices and negative attitudes is considered a major contributor to LAIs globally (3,4).
In this context, the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to sterilization and disinfection are essential determinants in reducing infection risks within laboratory environments. Effective sterilization and disinfection are fundamental in controlling pathogenic microorganisms on laboratory instruments, surfaces, and equipment (5).
Sterilization refers to a process that eliminates all forms of microorganisms, including highly resistant bacterial spores, and can be achieved through methods such as heat, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, ozone, or radiation. In contrast, disinfection involves the elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, excluding bacterial spores (5).
These procedures are particularly important in clinical laboratories, where biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissue specimens are handled routinely (6,7). Clinical laboratories play a vital role in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and prevention; however, they also present significant risks due to frequent exposure to infectious materials and contaminated equipment (6).
Improper sterilization or disinfection of laboratory instruments and surfaces can lead to cross-contamination, laboratory-acquired infections, and inaccurate diagnostic results (5,6). Globally, infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are recognized as essential measures to ensure the safety of both patients and healthcare workers. However, adherence to sterilization and disinfection protocols varies widely among healthcare personnel (8).
In many developing countries, including Sudan, healthcare systems face challenges such as limited resources, insufficient training, and inadequate infection control infrastructure. These factors may negatively influence the knowledge and practices of laboratory personnel regarding sterilization and disinfection, contributing to the persistence of healthcare-associated infections in the region (9).
Therefore, assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of laboratory personnel regarding sterilization and disinfection is essential to identify existing gaps and improve infection control measures in laboratory settings
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Napata College